Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/222

* HOOKER. 194 HOOKER. 1837 in the same class with Jubal Early and Braxton Bragg, and was assigned to the l'"irst Artillery, lie serv-ed in Florida and on the Maine Imnlier in 1S37-J0, and was luljutanl at West Point in 1841, and of his n'Kinienl iroin 1841 to 184ti. During the .lexiean War he served as aide to Cions. I'ersiter V. Smith, Thomas L. Harinar. William O. Hutler, and Gideon J. rillow; partieipnted in the principal battles hotli of the northern and of the southern campaiuni. receiving the brevets of captain, major, and lieutenant cohmel for gallantly; became cap- tain in 1848: was assistant adjutant-general to the I'acilic Division in 184!l-.")l. and resif;ned from the aruiv IVbruary 21. 185.3. From that date until the outbreak of the Civil War he was in turn farmer, civil engineer, and colonel of Cali- fornia militia. He was appointed brigadier-gen- eral of volunteers. May 17, 1861, and in March, 1862, was assigned to the command of the Sec- ond Division. Third t'orps, .rmy of the Potomac. On May 5, 18ti2, he became major-general of volunteers, and at the battle of Williamsburg, Va., fought on that day. handled his division with skill and valor. He was active Ibroughout the Peninsular camjjaign. and subsequently was con- spicuous in the battles of Bristoe Station, the second battle of Hull Run, and Chantilly. In the Maryland eanijiaign. as commander of the First Corps, he took part in the battles of South Moun- tain and. tietam. being wounded in the latter engagement. He was appointed brigadier-general in the Regular Army September 20, 1802. In Xovcniber, 18ti2, he was placed in conuuand of the Fifth Corps, and at the battle of Fred- ericksburg (q.v. ) commanded the centre grand division of the Army of the Potomac, comprising the Third and Fifth Corps. On .lanmiry 26, 1S63. he was assigned by President Lincoln to the command of the Army of the Potomac. His first act was to refit and reorganize the army. In a few months he had recruited depleted regiments, supplied them with new clothing and eipiipmcnts, weeded out incom|H'tent ollicers. armed, equipped, and organized the mounted troops in a single corps, and in other ways had infused new life into the army. In his new command General Hooker failed, however, to show those qualities on the battle- field Avhich had 'distinguislied him as a corps and division commander. With the greater part of his army he advanced against General Lee, who then had a force half the size of his own. and who was stationed south of the Rappahan- no<'k, with the intention of attacking him in flank and rear and crushing him at one blow. His plans were somewhat deranged by high water and the failure of his cavalry under Stone- man to cut Lee's conimunications. WHiile in position around Chancellor=ville his right flank was surprised by the Confederate General .Taek- son. one corps was thrown into confusion, and after a protracted struggle, lasting from the 2d to the 4th of May. in which both armies sufTcred great losses, the .■rmy of the Potomac was forced to recro.ss the Rappahannock. While the fighting was hottest, on Afay .Sd. Hooker was stunned, a pillar against which he was leaning having been struck by a cannon-ball. The dis.i.strous result was largely due to his vacillation and his inability to cope with an emergency. (See CiiAXCrT.i.nns- VTt-LE. Battle of.) After the battle Hooker and Ix'C stood for some time facing each other across the Rappahannock, and shortly after Lee had started on his aggressive campaign which terminated in the battle ol (ietlysburg, llker broke up his camp and followed. The pressure of jiublic opinion in the Nortli, however, eondiincd with friction between tJcncral Hooker and Gen- eral Halleek, and growing lack of eonlidcncc in Hooker on the part of President Lincoln caused him to oiler his resiginilion, and on .lune 28, 1863, (rieneral -Meade succeeded him. The tiov- ernniint then gave him command of the Klevcnth and Twelfth Corps, later combined to foiin the Twentieth Cor|)s (.rmy of the Cuinlx'rland), and sent him ( Septend)er 24, 1863) to reenforce Rosecrans at Chattanooga. On November 24th, in the so-called 'battle among the clouds,' at the head of his new eonunand, he led a charge in the face of the Confederate artillery and infantry posted on Lookout Moun- tain. For his conduct on this occasion lie was, on March 13. 186."). brevctted nuijorgeneral in the Regular .Army. He further distinguished himself under Sherman at Dalton and licsaca. and in the iittaek on Atlaiita. At his own re(|uest (.hdy 30, 1864). he was placeil on wiiiling orders Septem- ber 28th, when he was ]>ui in eonunand of the Northern Department. On .Inly 8. 186.5, he was given charge of the Department of the East, and soon afterwarils of the Department of the Lakes, with headquarters at Detroit, where he remained until 1867. A paralytic attack occasioned his retirement from active service (October I'l. 1868), with the full rank of major-general in the Regu- lar Army, (icneral Hooker was a man of hand- some plivsitpic and of great ])crsonal nuigiu'tism. H. dir,!:.! (larden City, L. 1., October 31, 1870. HOOKER, Joseph Dai.ton (1817—). A noted British botanist and traveler, second son of W. J. Hooker (q.v.). He was born at Glasgow, where he obtained the degree of M.D. in 1839. He im- mediately thereafter renounced the pursuit of medicine for that of botany, and joined the Ant- arctic expedition of the Krrhu.s and Terror. ^Tien he returned, in 1843, he brought 5340 spe- cies of jdants, which, with those discovereil on the voyages of Captain Cook and other travelers, are discussed in six quarto vohnncs under the titles of Flora Aniarclicti. Flora A'or(r ZrInntU(e, and Flora Ta-stmania" (1844-60), works which won him an eminent position in science. In 1847 he undertook a three years' expedition to the Hima- layas, ujxin which he made large collections, which, joineil with those of his friend. Dr. Thom- son, of the Botiinical Gardens, Calcutta, aggre- gated nearly 7000 species. His Tlimalniiini Jour- nals (2 vols., 8vo. 18.52 and 1854) contain the narrative, of this expedition, and the J'hoiloilen- drons of the ffikkim-Uimalnjia (1840-51) illns- iTate the most remarkable additions which he made on this occasion to ornamental garden jdants. With Dr. Thomson he undertook a Flora Indira (vol. i.. 8vo. 1855), the first volume of which, containing only a few orders, remains a fragment. Half of the volume is occupied with a dissertation on botanical geography, a depart- ment of science to which he paid special attention in various works. He afterwards again under- took a Flora of Rritifsh India, which was eoni- pleted in 1874. In 1871 he made an expedi- tion to Morocco, ascended the Great .Atlas, the summit of which had never before been reached by a Eviropean. and brought back a valuable collection of plants. In 1855 he was appointed