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* HONOB. 188 HONTHEIM. in 1902 amounted to $3,074,649. There were in existence at the close of 1902 36 griinJ lodges and 1918 subordinate lodges, repri'scntin}; a iiicm- liersliip of 55,733, with insurance in force of $96,852,500. HONOR. Maids of. See Household, Royal. HONO'BIA. .IisTA Grata. A dau^'litcr of Constantius ill. and sister to Valcnlinian III., born about a.d. '418 in Constantinople. Living at Valeiitinian's court in Itonic, she secretly in- vited .ltila the llun to marry her; but as he did not entertain the i)ropsili(jn. she sent another invitation, and Attila, accepting it, claimed with her a portion of the Empire. As Valentinian re- fused to accede to such a demand, .tlila invaded Gaul. Ilonoria's fate is unknown. HONO'RItrS. The name of four popes and one antipope. — lloNoRUS I., Pope 025-38. He was born of a consular family in Campania. Of his early historj' little is known, except that he took an active part in bringing to a close the dis- putes which arose in Northern Italy about the controversy of the three eliapters. (See VlGlL- irs. ) As Pope his name is connected with the historj' of the paschal controversy in Ireland, and with that of the early. glo-Saxon Church, and his pontificate is particularly memorable on account of the Monothelite heresy. (See IMoNOTiiELlTlSM.) Honorius, misled, it is al- leged, by a statement of Sergius, Patriarch of Constantinople, expressed himself in language which would appear to condemn the doctrine of two wills of Christ. In a decree of the sixtli general council (Constantinople. (i80-81 ) Hono- rius is anathematized in company with many others, of whose heterodoxy there can lie no doubt. Catholic theologians, however, defend his orthodoxy, or at least point out that his case is not one of those in which infallibility is claimed by the Vatican decree. It was because Diillinger (q.v.) believed that the heresy of Honorius was irrefutably established that he could not conscientiously accept the dogma of Papal infallibility. l)ecause it was retroactive and implied that there never had been a pope who was heretical. This assertion in regard to Honorius was an important factor in the Old Catholic movement. He died in G38. Consult: Diillinger. Fahles and Prophecies of the Middle Af/cs (Xew York. 1892) : Pennacehi, De Jlotutrii Causa in Concilia Sexto (Rome. 1870) ; Willis. I'opc llonriritut and the Xetc Roman Donmn (London, 1879). The letters of nonoriis are in .Mignc. I'atroloi/ia hatina, Ixxx. — IIonorii s II. (T.ambert. Cardinal of Ostia). Pope 1124- 30. He recognized Lothair of Saxony as Ger- man Emperor (see Lothair III.), and was un- able to crush the growing power of Count Roger of Sicily in South Italy. (See Rooer II.) His letters are in Mignc. Patroloqin Lalina, elx'i. — HoNORiis II. was also the title taken by Peter Cadalous. Bishop of Parma, antipope to Alex- ander II.. 1001. He died 1073. — HoxoRirs III. (Cencio Savelli). Pope 1216-27. He crowned Frederick II. as Kmperor. tried in vain to in- stitute a crusade, and confirmed the orders of the Dominicans and Franciscans. To him we owe the famous Liher Cenauum Romanes Ecelesiw, in which the income of the Church of his day is detailed. It was reprinted by Paul Fahre. I.ihrr Censuum (Paris, 1890. et seq.). Consult Tauge, Die pfipntliehen Kanzlciordnungen von 1200-1500 (Innsbruck, 1894). His works are in Horoy, Mcdii .Evi Bibliotheca I'alriatica (Paris, 1879- 82). For his life, consult Clausen (Uonn, 1895). — HoNOKlfs IV. ((Jiacomn Savelli). I'ope 1285- 87. He was born in 1210, and notwithstanding his years when called to the Papal see, was very energetic. Consult his life by Pawlicki (Miin-ter. 1896). HONORIUS, Flavus (a.d. 384-423). Roman Emperor of the West from 395 to 423, second son nly ten years old, was put un<hT the guardianship of Stilicho (q.v.), who was all his life the de facto ruler of the Western Empire. Honorius first took up his residence at Milan, and later for the most part held his Court at Ravenna. In 398 he luarric'il Maria, the daugh- ter of Stilicho. In 401 .Marie, King <jf the Visi- goths, invaded Italy. Stilicho, who was then in (iermanv, marched against him. and a great battle was fought at Pollenlia in 403 (or 402), followed by another encounter at Verona. Alaric, nnalde to withstand Stilieho, withdrew from Italy. Another irruption of barbarians, under Radagaisus, took place in 405, which was again repelled <)y Stilicho, who, nevertheless, lost tlie favor of his master, and was treacherously slain at Ravenna, a.d. 408. Alaric was not slow to tak^ advantage of the o]>portunity afTorded him. In the same year he invaded Italy, and besieged Rome, which escajM^'il only on the iiayment of a heavy ransom; and in the following year he again besieged and took it, raising Attains to the Im- perial purple, but a little later deposing him. In 410 the Visigothic King again appeared before Rome and handed it over to be pillaged by his troops. The death of the invader in the same year again frred Italy. A new champion of the falling Empire arose in tlie person of Constantius, who suppressed the reVjcllions of Constantino, .lovinus. and Sallustius in the northern prov- inces, and of Ileraclian in Africa. He was now appointed the colleague of Honorius in the con- sulship, and received in marriage the hand of Placidia, sister of Honorius. along with a share in the Empire, which he did not long enjoy, as his death took place a few months after. The Gothic and German tribes had for some time been slowly but steadily encroaching upon the Western Empire, and Honorius's reign saw Spain, Gaul, and I'annonia. some of the finest provinces. snat< lieil from its grasp. He died August 27, 423. HONORS. Mii.iTARV. See Salutes. HONORS OF WAR. Stipulated privileges allowed a capitulating enemy: formerly a chiv- alrous appreciation of his valor, but in later times dictated almost entirely by the politic or economic phase of the question. Honors of war include the retention of arms, or standards, the granting of parole, and the general treatment of the surrendered troops and stores. HON-SHITT, hon'shyoo'. The most important of the group of islands constituting the Empire of Japan. .See Hondo. HONTHEIM, honfhim. .Toiiann NiKOi.AfS vox (1701 90 >. A fJermnn Roman Catholic prel- ate and writer. He was born at Treves, .January