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* HOLTZENDOEFF. 157 HOLY ALLIANCE. inal law, to abolish the death penalty, and to improve the condition of penal institutions. He was interested and active in the Protestant Union, in the Berlin People's Kitchens, and in the reform of female labor. Among his works are: Fran::6sische Rechtszustinde (1859); Die Keform der Staatsanw<iltschaft in DeutschUmd (1864); Die Prinzipien der Politik (2d ed. 1879) ; TVt.sen tind M'ert der off ent lichen Meinung (2d ed. 1880) ; and Das V'erbrechen des Mordes und die Todesslrafe (1874). He edited: All- gemeine deulsche titrafrechtszeitung (1861-74); the Encyklopiidie der Hechtstcissenschaft ( 1880- 90) ; a series of manuals on German law (1871- 89) ; and with Virehow, the Sammluiig gemeinver- standlicher uissenschaftlicher Vortrage (1866 et seq.). Consult Stoerk, Franz von Boltzendorff (Hamburg. 1889). HOLTZ ( hilts ) MACHINE. See Electbicai, !MACinxE.s. HOLTZMANN, hdlts'man, Adolf (1810-70). A German philologist, born at Karlsruhe. He studied theologii- at Berlin and was for a short time vicar at Kaudem. In 1832 he renewed his studies at Munich and later at Paris, and made a specialty of old Germanic dialects and Sanskrit. In 1852 he was made professor of German and Sanskrit at Heidelberg, where he died. His works are: In Indian philology: Ueber den griechischen JJrsprung des indischen Tierkreises (1841), and the translations Rama- jana (last edition, 1843), Indische tiagen (1845- 47); in Germanics: Kelten und (Jermanen (1855), an attempt to identify the two peoples; Vntersuchungen iiher das Nibelungenlied (1854), and Das Nibelungenlied (1857), both attacking Lachmann's theory of the composite authorship of the poem and renewing the question ; the much more important grammatical works, the edition of Isidorus (1836), Ueber den Umlaut (1843); Ueber den Ablaut (1844); Altdeutsche Gram- matik (uncompleted, 1870-75) ; and the posthu- mous works, Germanische Altertiimer mit Text, Uebersetzung und Erklarung von Tacitus Ger- mania {IS73), and Deutsche Mi/thologie (1874). HOLTJB, hdlvp, Emil (1847-1902). An Afri- can explorer, born at Holitz in Bohemia. He studied medicine and natural science at the University of Prague, and then, in 1872, went to South .frica. He lived for a time in the diamond-fields, but early in 1873 made a journey through the southern Bantu countries, .and in the fall a second to the Transvaal and the lands to the north. In 1875 he succeeded in reaching the Zambezi and the Victoria Falls, and brought back with him a ricli natural science and ethnological collection, which he divided among various European institutions. In 1SS3, accompanied by his wife, he started from Cape Town with the intention of traversing the entire length of the African continent to Egypt. He had accomplished scarcely one-third of the jour- ney, however, when he was attacked by hostile tribesmen on the Kafue, a northern tributary of the Zambezi, and only after a desperate struggle was he able to win his way back to civilization. Fortunately, he was able to save the large collec- tion which he had gathered, and this, after it had been exhibited in Vienna and Prague, he divided among a number of museums. His publications include: The Victoria Falls (1879) : FUrhen Jahre in !!:iidafrika (1880-8^). translated by Ellen E. Frewer as Seven Tears in South Africa (2d ed. 1881) ; and Von Kapstadt ins Land der Maschu- kulumbe (1888-90). HOLY ALLIANCE. A league formed after the fall of Napoleon, at the instance of Alexander I. of Russia, by the sovereigns of Kussia, Austria, and Prussia, nominally to regulate the relations of the States of Christendom by the principles of Christian charity. As it formed itself in the mind of Alexander it was the scheme of a piet- istic idealist, but it was utilized by Mettcmich as an instrument of his reactionary policy. The document was drawn up by Alexander, and was signed by the three rulers at Paris in .September, 1815. The Russian Emperor at that period was greatly under the influence of the mystical phi- losophy then current, and especially of its ex- ponent, Madame Kriidener (q.v. ), to whom was perhaps due his dream of a connnunity of Chris- tian States under their legitimate sovereigns, which was the underlying thought of the Alliance. In addition to the original signatories, Xaples, Sardinia. France, and Spain acceded to the treaty, and it received the commendation, though not the signature, of the Prince Regent of Great Britain. It was formally made public in the Frankfort Journal, February 2, 1816. Metter- nich, who privately sneered at the treaty, used it as the basis for the conferences of Troppau and Uaybach. and the congresses of Karlsbad and Verona, which were intended to unite the powers in support of absolutism everywhere. It was in the name of the Holy Alliance that Austria, in 1821, crushed the revolutions in Xaples and Piedmont, and that France, in 1823, restored absolutism in Spain. Apart from this use of it, as one writer has said, "no one of the princes who adhered to the Holy Alliance, with the single exception of Alexander himself, ever took it seriously." Meaningless in itself, it soon ceased to have any importance. The text of the covenant is as follows: In the name of the Most Holy and Indivisible Trinity: Holy Alliance of Sovereigns of Aus- tria, Prussia, and Russia. Their Majesties the Emperor of Austria, the King of Prussia, and the Emperor of Russia, having. . . acquired the intimate conviction of the necessity of set- tling the steps to be observed by the Powers, in their reciprocal relations, upon the sublime truths which the Holy Religion of Our Saviour teaches: They solemnly declare that the present Act has no other object than to publish, in the face of the whole world, their fixed resolution, both in the administration of their respective States, and in their political relations with every other government, to take for their sole guide the precepts of that Holy Religion, namely the pre- cepts of Justice, Christian Charity, and Peace. . . . Art. I.. . . The three contracting Monarchs will remain united by the bonds of a true and indissoluble fraternity, and, considering each other as fellow countrymen, they will, on all occasions and in all places, lend each other aid and assistance; and. regarding themselves to- ward their subjects and armies as fathers of families, they will lead them, in the same spirit of fraternity with which they are animated, to protect Religion, Peace, and .Justice. Art. II. In consequence, the sole principle of action, whether between the said Governments or between tlieir Subjects, shall be that of doing each other reciprocal service, and ... to consider themselves all as members of one and the same