Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/174

* HOLLY. 150 HOLLY SPRINGS. celi/)i, holly, and also with OllG. hulis. huh, Gcr. IliUsr, holly. .Skt. sola, staff), llvx. A ).Tnus of trees and shnibs of the natural order llieinotr, chielly natives of teni]jerate eliamtes; with ever- green, leathery, shining, and generally spinous leaves. The common holly {Ilex Aquifolium), the only Kuropean s])ccies, and a native also of some parts of Asia, is a well-known ornament of parks and shrubberies in (Jreat Britain, where it sometimes attains a height of lilty feet upon suitably light soils. Numerous varieties of holly have been produced, or at least per- petuated, by cultivation, which exhibit great diversity in the leaves. The flowers of the holly are whitish, axillary, nearly umbellate; the fruit email, scarlet, rarely yellow or white. Medici- nal properties are attributed to the leaves, ber- ries, and roots, llird-lime is I7iade from the inner bark. The wood is almost as white as ivory, very hard and fine-grained, and is used by <'abiMet-makers, turners, musical-instrument makers, etc., and sometimes for wood-engraving. The holly is often planted for hedges, .since it bears clipping well. The name holly is said to be derived from the use of the branches and berries to decorate churches at Christmas, from which the tree was called holy-tree. Numerous spi»oi('S of holly are found in Xorfh .merica, most of them in swampy situations; in South America, Nepal, Japan, and other parts of the ward into bracts; and large axillary flowers, almost without stalks, which on the upper part of the stem form a .spike; the i>etals are hairy at their bases. Its flowers vary much in color, and HOLLY { IJei Agaltbllum). world. Some of these have been introduced as ornamental trees and shrubs. MaW' (q.v.). or Paraguay tea. is the leaf of a South American species of holly {Ilex I'arafiuensix) . In the fnited States there are a dozen species of Ilex, the finest of which. American holly tilex querci- folia), is a small tree 20 to 40 feet tall, ex- tensively used as a Christmas decoration, though the leaves are less glossy and the berries not so briglit a red as the European species. Ilex cn,tiiine is a shrub which occurs from Virginia Bouthward. Its leaves are used for tea. and it furnished the 'black drink' of the North Carolina Indians. HOLTLYHOCK (ME. holihoc, holy hock,, from holt, AS. huliij, holy + hoc, AS. hoc, leaf), Al- IhfFa rosea. A plant of the natural order Mal- vaeesp, native of India and south of Europe, etc., and common in gardens through the world. It has a tall, straight. hair> unhranched stem. 8 to 15 feet tall, heart-shaped, erenate, wrinkled, five to seven angled leaves, which diminish up- HOLLYHOCK {AltlliPa roftpa ). double and semi-double varieties are common. It is an ornamental autumnal flower, which con- tinues till frost. It is propagated cither by seed or cuttings. The plant is frequently attacked hy a fungus, a rust, Puccitiiu malvacearum, which has greatly reduced its culture in many parts of the L'nited States and Europe. Its presence may be first noticed in May or dune by small yellow spots on the leaves and stems. Soon the leaves become drv' and dead, as though scorched by fire. Any standard fungiciile applied frequently from early spring until flowering time will keep the dis- ease in check. Washing tlie leaves with a solu- tion of two taldespoonfuls of potassium per- manganate in a quart of water is a common remedy employed in Europe. The hollyhock is sometimes attacked by blight {Colletotrichiini malvurnm), and a leaf-spot disease {Cercospora althwina), both of which may be prevented by the use of some g(]od fungicide (q.v.). HOLLY SPRINGS. A city and the county- scat of -Marsljall (.'ounty. Miss., 45 miles s<iuth- east of Memphis, Tenn.. at the junction of the Illinois Central an<l the Kansas City, Memphis and Birmingham railroads (Map: Mississippi, G I). It has a ])ublic library, Rust University for negroes (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1808. a colored State Normal School, foundtd in 1870, the North Mississippi Presbyterian Colle-.'e for young ladies, the Holly Springs Normal In- stitute, and other educational institutions. The city is principally engaged in the cotton trade, and has a cotton comjiress and gin, a cottonseed- oil mill, stone-jug factories, etc. Holly S|)ring3 is governed under a charter of 1890, which pro- vides for a mayor, elected biennially, and a city council. The water-works and electric-light plant are owned and operated by the municipality. In Decend)er. 1S02. during the Civil War, General Grant established here a depot of supplies, pro- tected by a small garrison under Col. R. C. Murphy, preparatory to moving forward against Vicksburg. On December 20th the Confederate (Jeneral Van Dorn by a rapid movement captured