Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/17

* HERMANRICH. 5 order that Swdnhilde, wife of a defeated prince, be toru asunder by horses, for which Hermanrich is slain by her three brothers. According to an- other tradition he is said to have put an end to his life, at the age of more than a hundred years, when he saw that he was about to be attacked by the King of tlie Huns, Balamir. HERMAPH'RODITE (Lat. hermaphroditus, from Gk. 'EppLa4>p65i.Tos, son of Hermes and Aph- Todite, from 'Ep^^s, Hermes, Hermes + 'A0po- SiTT], .Ip/irorfife, Aphrodite). An obsolete term in botany, formerly used to designat* those flow- ers that contain both stamens and pistils, these organs then being regarded as sexual. HERMAPH'RODITE BRIG. See Brig. HERMAPH'RODITISM. See Sex. HERMAPHRODITUS. The son of Hermes and Aphrodite, born on Mount Ida. where he was brought up by naiads. Going in his fifteenth year to Caria, he rejected the love of Salmacis, the nymph of a fountain in which he bathed. Salmacis prayed to the gods to unite her to the boy forever, and a being resulted half male and half female. The origin of the dual conception is. probably to be found in the Cyprian Aphro- •ditus, worshiped in connection with A])hrodite. The form in which Hermaphroditus is represented in art was fi.xed by Polyclitus. It became a fa- vorite subject for sculpture in the late Greek and Graco-Koman period. HER'MAS, Shephebd of (Lat., from Gk. 'Epims. The title of a work (in Greek), writ- ten by a Christian of the second century, who lived in Rome; it is included among the works of the Apostolic Fathers (q.v. ). Hernias was a •well-to-do freedman, and a brother of Pius, Bishop of Rome about the middle of the second century. He was an earnest, simple- minded Christian, with little education or cul- ture, but typical, no doubt, of many in the Church of his day. Some later writers, like Jerome, confuse him with the Hermas mentioned in Rom. xvi. 14. which is not surprising in view of the fact that he refers to persons and events of the Apostolic age as if they were contempo- xarj'. Parts of The Shepherd may have been Avritten near the beginning of the second century, but other parts arc obviously later, and the work as a whole should probably be dated not long be- fore ,.D. 140. The book takes its name from one of its prin- <ipal characters, an old man in shepherd's garb, who appears at the close of the first part, and thereafter attends Hermas as a sort of guardian, ■committing to his charge certain divine com- mands. The general theme is repentance and the •duty of moral strenuousness. The book is divided into ( 1 ) five 'Visions,' which form the intro- duction: (2) twelve "^landates." or conmiand- ments respecting the Christian life, and (.■?) ten 'Similitudes.' or parables, which picture among other things the progress of the Church. Tlie ■whole forms an important source for our knowl- edge of second-century Christianitv in Rome. Here and there it shows close resemblances to the Epistle of .Tames. Visions and revelations play such an important part in the book that it is properly clas.sed among early Christian apoc- alypses. A few recent critics hold that it was originally a .Tewish book which received Christian revision and enlargement. For some time after it was written opinion HERMES. was divided as to whether The Shepherd desert'ed to be classed among the "Scriptures,' that is, among what we call the canonical books of the New Testament. Irenaeus cites from it as "Scrip- ture,' and Clement of Alexandria and Origen es- teemed it highly. It was often read in public worship. Tertullian, on the other hand, speaks slightingly of its moral teaching. In the fourth centurj- it was still held jn honor, as Eusebius and Jerome testify, but there was no longer any doubt that it stood outside the sacred canon. The Greek text, with English translation, has been published by Lightfoot, Apostolic Fathers, edited by Harmon (London, 1893). An English translation is given in volume i. of the American edition of Anfe-.ViciMe ^'af/iers, edited by Roberts and Donaldson (Buffalo, 188C). In general con- sult: Cruttwell, Literary History of Early Chris- tianity, vol. ii. (London. IS'J.'J) ; Kriiger. History of Early Christian Literature (New York, 1897) ; Tavlor, The Shepherd of Hermas (New York, 1901). HERMENEGILD, her'mc-ne-gild (c.560- c.ClO). Son of Leovigild. King of the Visigoths, and centre of a Catholic legend. In 580 he re- belled against his father to induce him to be- come a Catholic, says the story, although there is no evidence that Hermenegild was a Catholi'.- apart from the fact that he married Ingimthis, daughter of Sigibert and Brunhilde. who was orthodox. The son was defeated by his father and driven into exile. The legend makes him martyred by his father, whose second wife was an Arian. He was canonized by Pope Sixtus. HER'MENEU'TICS. See Exegesis. HERMENGYLD, her'nifn-gild. The con- stable's wife, in Chaucer's Man of Law's Tale. Constance is falsely accused of her murder. HERMES, her'mez. See Mebciry. HERMES, her'mes, Geobg (1775-1831). A German Roman Catholic theologian and philos- opher, born in Dreyenvalde, Westphalia. His student life was passed in Munster, where he after- wards taught at the gymnasium (17981807), and lectured with marked success at the .cademy (1807-19). In 1799 he was ordained to the priesthood. In 1819 he was called to the Univer- sity of Bonn, whcre^ he spent the remainder of his life. As a professor of theology Hermes ax'hieved the distinction of being the founder of a 'school.' known after him as the Hermesians. It was not long before all his colleagues at Bonn recognized him as their leader. It is said that his influence was sufficient to prevent the appointment of Mohler and Dollingcr to professorships there. In Breslau. too. he gained many adherents. Spiegel. Archbishop of Cologne, was an active and "powerful supporter of the new movement, and until his death (1836) the Hermesians were in hish favor throughout the provinces of the lower Rhine. There seems to have been no doubt of their orthodoxy or of their loyalty to Catholi- cism, and so long as Hermes lived hardly a sign of opposition appeared. He died in 1831, at peace with the Church, and generally recog- nized as one of the foremost leaders of German Catholicism. Four years latfr (1835). to the astonishment of the Hermcsian party. Pope Gregory XVI. issued a brief, condemning Hermes's teaching and prohibiting his writings. The brief declared that