Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/158

* HOHENWART. 136 HOHENZOLLERN. HOHENWART. lio'.n viirt. K.RL, Count ( ISJt '.•!•). All Austrian statesman, leader of the Federalist party. In 18ti8 lie Iwcanie Governor of I'pper Austria, and three years afterwards suceeedcHl I'ottX'ki as president of the -Ministry. In his Cabinet he held the portfolio of the Inte- rior. His federalist policy met with sueh opposi- tion on the part of the llunjiarian Ministry and the (ierman Liberals that he wa.s forced to resign alter holding olllce for less tlian a year. He was elected to the Lower House in 1873. and became a leader of the Kight Centre. In 1885 Holienwart was appointed president of the Su- preme Cflurt of Accounts, and in 1801 lie formed the Holienwart Club, consistiuf; of German Con- servatives, Slovenes, Croat ians. and Kumans, as well as the fireat landed proprietors of 15o- hernia. But this party broke in 18!i.5, through the defection of the (Ierman members, and in 18!I7, on the appointment of its leader to the House of Lords, it disintegrated entirely. HOHENZOLLERN, hoVn-tsiM'lern. A prov- iiici' (if rnissia. consisting of a narrow strip of laiiil entirely surrounded by Wiirttemberg and Haden, and covering, together with its nine ex- claves, an area of about 440 square miles (Map: Prussia, C 4). It extends from the Xeckar in the northwest to the vicinity of Lake Constance. It is divided by the Rauhe .Vlb, which rises in places to 3000" feet. The Danube crosses the province, which is well watered. The mountain valleys are productive, and yield grain, fruit, liops. etc. Tlic -Mb chain yields some iron, and in iillicT mountains some deposits of rook salt an; found. .Mineral springs abound. Some manu- facturing is done in the wa.v of cotton-spinning, the production of iron of superior quality, etc. Administratively the province is divided into file four districts of Sigmaringen, Gammer- tingen, Haigerloeh, and Hechingen. Since 1873 it has had a Landtag sitting at Sigmaringen. It .sends one Deputy to the Reichstag. The popu- lation numbered, in" 1900. G<).783. The inhabitants are nearly all Roman Catholics, and the province forms a dependency of the Archbishop of Frei- burg. On a steep eminence near Hechingen stands the magnificent Castle of Hohenzollcrn, erected in the .second half of the nineteenth ccn- tur,v, in the .style of the fourteenth century, on the ruins of the mediu?val stronghold, the cradle of the reigning Hohenzollern dynasty of Prussia. HOHENZOLLERN. The family name of the royal house of Prussia, in which has been vested also, since January 18, 1871, the dignity of (iennan Emperor. The name is derived from the ancestral Ca-iitle Zollern. or Hohenzollern. in .■^wabia (see preceding article). The origin of the house is involved in obscurity, and the story of its descent from Count Tliassilo, a Swabian noble of the time of Charles the Great, is a fiction of the sixteenth centurr. The family name occurs as early as the eleventh century in the persons of Burchard and Weze! of Zolrc, who were killed in 1001, but whether there is any relationship between these and the suc- ceciling Hohenzollern family is a matter of doubt. The House of Hohenzollern occupied a prominent position among the petty princely families of Swabia as early as the first half of the twelfth century-, and at the close of that century we find Count Frederick of Zolre in- vested with the Burggraviate of Nuremberg, an Imperial oflice, which descended to his posterity. His sons, Frederick and Conrad, divided the possessions of the house in 1227, founding the Swabian and Franconian lines. From the do.se of the sixteenth century the elder or Swabian branch of the Hous<' of llolienzollcrn existed in the two lines of Hohenzollern-Hechingen and HiihenzollernSiginaringen. In llil'o a pact of inheritance was niaile belwwn these branches and that of Brandenburg (see below). In 1821 a new covenant was drawn up and cdnlirined by the King of Prussia, as head of the Hohen- zollern family, b.v which it was provided that in case of failure of male issue in either line pos- session should pass to the other, and im the ex- tinction of both lines should vest in the royal family of Prussia. But before the prospect of extinction presented itself the princes i>f Hohen- zollern- Hechingen and Hohenz<jllern ."sigmarin- gen. after the commotions of the revidutionary year 1848, decided to abdicate in favor of the King of Prussia. The act of renunciation took place at the close of 1H4!I. and in accordance with the covenant of 1821 the King of Prussia took possession of the two principalities in the fol- lowing .year, the two princes being given annual pensions. Leopold of HoheiiZ(dlerii. the iirince who was offered the crown of Spain in 1870, was the eldest son of the last ruler of lluhen- zoUcrn-Sigmaringen. The .se<'ond son, Charles, became Prince and King of Rumania. The great destiny of the family was reserved for the cadet branch, the Franconian line. They attached themselves to the Hohenstaufcn until that great house became extinct, when they gave their support to Rudolph of Ilapsburg. During the civil war which followed the double election of 1314 they sided with Louis of Bavaria against the House "of Austria. b"ut subsequently they be- came once more faithful supporters of the Haps- burgs. Acquisitiveness and a capacity to hold what was once obtained and to administer it with thrift seem to have characterized to a greater or less degree all the Franconian Hohenzollern princes. From the founder of the line, Conrad TIL (died 12(51 ), there was a steady gain in territory and inlluence under Frederick 111. (1261-97), Frederick IV. (12971332). John 11. (1332-57), and Frederick V. (1357-98). The possessions of the house, in which was vested the Burggraviate of Xurembcrg, were constituted into the two niar- graviatcs of Bayreuth (originally Culmbach) an<l .Vnspach, The sons of Frederick V., John III. and Frederick VI., possessed respectively Bayreuth and Anspach. the latter inheriting his brother's pos.sesBions in 1420. Frederick VI. in 1411 received the Margraviate of Brandenburg as a pledge for a loan to the Emperor Sigismund, and in 1415 it was granted to him as an heredi- tary possession, together with the dignity of Elector. This was the foundation of the real greatness of the House of Hohenzollern. The Elector .Mbert Achilles of Brandenburg by the so-called Disposilio Achillea of 1473 decreed that the Franconian margraviates (.-Anspach ajid Bayreuth) should Ik; separated from Branden- burg and ruled as secundogenitures. The last Margrave of Bayreuth died in I7flO. when the State was united with Anspach. In 1791 the Margrave of Anspach and Bayreuth sold his principalities to Prussia, which, however, re- tained them only a few years.