Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/157

* HOHENLOHE. 135 HOHENSTEIN. 1854 to 18C0, and was a general in the army of Baden from 18G2 to 1871. He has been a mem- ber of the Upper Chamber of Wiirttemberg since 1800, and was elected its vice-president in 1893. He was a member of the Imperial Reichstag from 1871 to 1880, and acted with the lleichs- jiartei. (See Pouticai, Pabties, paragraph on iiermany.) In 1894 he became Governor of Alsace-1-orraine. He was the founder and presi- dent (1883-94) of the Deutsche Kolonialgesell- schaft. He holds the military rank of general of cavalry in the Prussian Army. HOHENSTAUFEN, ho'en - stou'fen. A princely liou-ie of Swabia, in Germany, which lield possession of the German Imperial throne from 1138 to 1254. The family traced its descent from Frederick of Biiren, who lived about the middle of the eleventh century, and whose son, Frederick of Staufen, built the castle from which the family derived its name, some vestiges of which are still to be seen on the summit of the Hohenstaufen, one of the peaks of the Rauhe Alb, close to the town of Guppingen. Wiirttem- berg. The son, Frederick of Staufen, was a faithful partisan of the Emperor Henry IV., and in return received Henry's daughter and the Duchy of Swabia in 1079. Duke Frederick, at his death in 1105, left two sons — Frederick 11., the One-Ej-ed, and Conrad; the former was im- mediately confirmed in the possession of Swabia by Henry V., and in 1112 the latter received the Duchy of Franconia. Upon the death of Henrj- V. in 1125 his family estates fell to the House of Hohenstaufen. It seemed, too, as if the Imperial dignity would be conferred upon Frederick on account of his talents and popularity: but Lo- thair of Saxony, his rival and enemy, was elected as Henry V.'s successor. . On Lothair's accession, he demanded the Imperial possessions held by the House of Hohenstaufen. and a war ensued be- tween him and the Hohenstaufen princes, in which Lothair was supported by the House of Welf (Guelph). In the course of this struggle Conrad was crowned King of Italy in 1128; but the two brothers were forced to make peace with Lothair in 1135, and afterwards lent him their support. After Lothair's death, Conrad was elected King of Germany, in 1138^ as Conrad III. (q.v. ). L'nder Conrad III. the House of Hohen- staufen waged war against the House of Guelph, which for a brief time was weakened by the loss of Bavaria. _ On Conrad's death, in 1152, his nephew, Fred- erick 1. Barbarossa, became Emperor. .s he was the offspring of a Hohenstaufen father and a Guelph mother, it was hoped that the struggle between the two houses might be ended by his accession. But the defiant attitude of Henrj' the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, the powerful representative of the Guelph family, caused the conflict to break out afresh in 1180. Henry the Lion was conquered and deprived of most of his possessions. Frederick went on the Third Crusade, but died in 1190. before reaching Jerusalem. His son. Henry VI., succeeded to the throne without opposition. By a marriage with the heiress of Sicily and by conquest he added Southern Italy and .Sicily to the Empire. He exer- cised the most far-reaching power of any of the Hohenstaufen. and dreamed of a world-wide em- pire. Richard the Lion-Hearted of England was obliged to become his vassal in order to be freed from captivity. Some of the Christian rulers in the East had sought protection from Henry, and he sent an army to the Holy Land, 'the German Crusade' ( see Ceus.ades ) to establish his own supremacy. His plans were frustrated by Iiis early death, in 1197. His son Frederick II. had already been crowned King of Germany, but as he was only a child of three, his right.s" were passed over. The Guelphs chose Otho of Bruns- wick, son of Henn,' the Lion, and the choice of the partisans of the Hohenstaufen fell upon Philip of Swabia, uncle of Frederick II. Civil war followed, the contest terminating with the assa.ssination of Philip in 1208 by Otho of Wit- iclsbach. For a time Otho of Brunswick (Otho IV.) was recognized as ruler; then his oppo- nents rallied about Frederick 11., who in the meanwhile had been ruling his Kingdom of Sicily, which he had inherited from his mother. Frederick was crowned, and by 1215 was recog- nized by all except a few obstinate partisans of Otho IV. He ruled over Germany. Italy, and Sicily, and also l)ecame King of .Jerusalem. His reign was sj)ent to a great extent in a strug- gle with the Papacy. The partisans of the Hohen- staufen in Italy and the opponents of the Im- perial power, in general the supporters of the Papacy, were known respectively as Ghibellines and Guelphs. (See Guelphs axd Ghibellines.) After Frederick's death, in 1250, the inveterate animosity of the Guelphs followed his son. Con- rad r'., who abandoned Germany for his hered- itary Italian possessions, and died in 1254. After Conrad's death his half-brother Jlanfred fought for the Hohenstaufen interests until he was defeated and killed at the battle of Bene- vento, in 126G, against Charles of Anjou, who at the invitation of the Pope, had undertaken the conquest of the Two Sicilies. Manfred's sons were kept in prison until his death. His daughter married Peter 111. of Aragon. who later avenged the destruction of the Hohenstaufen by expelling their foes from the Kingdom of .Sicily. Conrad's young son. Conradin, in an attempt to reconquer the Two Sicilies, was taken captive by Charles of Anjou at the battle of Tagliacozzc. and executed at Naples on October 29. 12G8. Enzio. an illegiti- mate son of Frederick II., who had been made King of Sardinia, died in prison four years later. Thus all of the male descendants of Frederick 11. perished. The emperors of this family rank among the ablest rulers of Germany, and hold the first place in popular German tradition to- day, Just as they held the first place in the affections of the people during their lifetime. They appear in general as men possessed of great virtues and of great faults, and impressive by reason of both. Frederick Barbarossa, according to the legend, is not dead, but asleep, and will wake to help his people in time of need. Frederick II. is one of the most remarkable figures of the Middle Ages in his character' as ruler, knight, scholar, and free-thinker. Consult Raumer, flexchichle der Hohcnstntifen (5th ed.. Leipzig. 187S1. See, also, articles on the in- dividual oiii])crors. HOHENSTEIN, ho'en-stln. A manufactur- ing town in the Kingdom of Saxony. 12 miles northeast of Zwickau (Map: Prussia. E 3). It produces chiefly textiles and knit goods; in the neighborhooil are mines of sulphur, arsenic, and gold. Population, in 1890. 7.54(1: in 1900 (with the neighboring town of Ernstthal annexed in 1898), 13,397.