Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/154

* HOG CHOLEKA. 132 HOGNOSE. cases may last from two to five days; chronic ones, a uioiith. The characteristic pathological changes are enlargement of the spleen and a lieniorrhagic condition of the large intestines and Ivniphatie glands. In chronic cases, ulcers are lurnied in the large intestines or the whole wall may become clTused with blood. Hog cholera and swine plague have been fre- quently confounded, but in typical cases they may be distinguished by clinical symptoms and post-mortem lesions. In most outbreaks of con- tagious hog diseases, hog cholera and swine plague occur in combination in the same animal. In general, however, the scat of infection in hog cholera is in the intestines; that of swine plague is in the lungs and secondarily in the intestines. A reddening of the skin is an indication of hog cholera, while coughing is more pronounced in cases of swine plague. For a reliable ditTerential diagnosis of the two diseases it is necessary to make pure cultures of the microorganisms which are concerned. Xo satisfactory medicinal treatment has been devised for hog cholera. Recognized tonics which assist in keeping hogs in good physical condition may render thcni less susceptible to disease. A mixture containing sodium salts, sulphur, sul- phide of antimony, and charcoal has i)roved as effective as any remedy. Serum therapy for hog cholera is still" in the experimental stage, but has given promising results. The serum treatments devised by Pasteur and I.orenz have ])rovcd satis- factory in Europe. Experiments in the United States" have demonstrated that, serum used alone confers onlv a partial and temporary immunity to hog cholera. On the other hand, when anti- toxic serum was used in combination with a viru- lent culture of the hog-cholera bacillus in the proportion of ten to one, a complete and lasting immunity was produced in more than 50 per cent, of cases. It has been found practically impossible to dis- infect hog pens and yards after an outbreak of hog cholera. Infected pens should bo burned, and the surrounding ground should be cultivated to some crop for at least a year before again using as a hog-yard. Pens .should be kept as clean as possible", and treated from time to time with lime or whitewash. By observing these precautions, preventing infection of the water- supply, and quarantining imported hogs before allowing them to run with the herd, the liability to infection from hog cholera will be much re- duced. Consult: Xocard and I.eclainche. Les maladies microbicnnm des animntix (Paris, 1808) : de Sehweinitz. "Hog Cholera." and "Swine Plague." in Viiited States Department of Agriculture. Bureau of Animal Industry Reports (Washington, 1889-92). HOG-DEEB. The 'para' or smallest of the East Indian rusine deer (Cervus poreinus), which takes its name from its habit of darting through the tall grass like a startled boar. It stands only two feet high at the withers. Its legs are comparatively short, and its antlers, having given off a brow tine, are nearly straight to the small terminal fork, and arc mounted upon remarkably high pedicels. The general color is rufous brown, paler in summer and some- what spotted. This deer ranges through North- ern India, and down the coasts of Assam and Burma. It is very numerous, not gregarious, and forms a favorite object of jungle sport, sometimes by spearing. HOOE, hog. Moses Dm-RY (1819-99). An American Presbyterian minister. He was born in llampdcnSiilney. 'a., was educated there, aud was made a>>istant in a Uichiimnd church in 1844. When a second Presbyterian church grew out of the first. Dr. Hoge became its pastor (1845-85), and during the Civil War he succeed- ed in sailing to England from the blockaded port of Charleston to secure from the British and For- eign Bible Society a very large number of vol- umes for the use of Confederate soldiers. He was joint editor of the Central Presbyterian (1SG2-IJ7). HOGFISH, or Hoomolly. A local name for the logperch (q.v.). HOGGJ, James (1770-18,35). A Scottish poet, known as the 'Etlrick Shepherd,' born in the par- ish of Ettrick, Selkirkshire, in 1770. His father was a poor farmer. The boy's education was slight, for he was taken from school to herd owes. But from his mother he learned many folk-tales of giants, fairies, and brownies. Be- ginning to make songs for lasses to sing in chorus, he next wrote them out with great labor. His first poem was published anonymously in 1800. Going to Edinburgh, in 1801, to sell his employer's sheep, he wrote out from memory a little "collection of his songs and published them roughlv as Scotlish Pastorals. Poems, Songs, etc. The next year he made the acquaintance of Scott, who was "visiting the Ettrick forest in search of material for ihv Minslrchjf of the Scottish lior- der. Several ballads which Hogg and his mother furnished Scott ajipearcd in the tliinl volume of the ilinstrelsy (1803). In 1807 Hogg published riie Mountain Hard, original ballads suggested by Scott. With the proceeds of this volume and atreatisc on sheep, amounting to £300, Hogg took a farm, which ])roved a disastrous venture. In 1810 he went to Edinburgh and began as pro- fessional author. Three years later appeared his most imaginative poem. The Queen's ^Yak■e. By this time he was becoming acquainted, directly or through correspondence, with some of the most eminent men of letters, who admired him greatly. He married in 1820, and retired to the farm of Eltrive Lake, in the valley of the Yarrow. He died November 21. 18,15, .and was buried in the Ettrick churchyard. In 1800 a monument was erected to his memory-, overlooking Saint Mary's Lake. Hogg was inimortali/x'd as the Ettrick Shepherd by Wilson in the Xoctes Ambrosianw. Among his "poems not cited above are .Uadoc of the Moor, The Pilnrims of the Sun. The Jacobite Jlelics of Scotland, Queen nynde, and The Border Garland. These and other poems place Hogg, after Burns, among the greatest of the peasant poets of Scotland. Well known are such songs as "When the Kye comes Hame" and "Flora Mac- donald's Farewell." Hogg also wrote many tales of uneven quality. The most remarkable is en- titled Confessions of a Fanatic. Interesting, too, is the volume called Winter Evening Tales, de- picting the manners of the border. Consult: Works, edited with memoirs by T. Thomson (Lon- don. 1805) : "Poems." selected, in Canterbury Poets (London, 1880) : and Memorials of J. Tlogg, by his daughter, Mrs. Oarden (London, 1985). HOGNOSE. A harmless .•merican serpent, remarkable for its blunt snout and curious man-