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* HOFMANN. 128 HOFMANN. tivity. On the proinotion of Thomas Graham from the post of eheniisit to the mint to the ollice of master of that institution. Ilofmann was appointed his successor. In IStil lie was elected president of the London Chemical Society. In 18(>.3 Ilofmann accepted the chair of chemistry in the University of Berlin, and in 1868 founded the German Chemiial Society, He was ennohlcd in 1888. He served as judge at several industrial expositions, of which he published admirable ac- counts, and was a member of many scientific bodies, at home and abroad. Ilofmann was one of the greatest chemists of the nineteenth century. The results of his brilliant researches have formed entire departments in organic cliemistry, and have had an important inlluence on the de- velopment of chemical theory. He investigated the organic bases obtained from coal-tar, and dis- covered a new and important class of compounds which are derived from ammonia by the .substi- tution of organic ra<lical3 for hyilrogen atoms. Among his most important discoveries is that of aniline among the products of destructive dis- tillation of bituminous coal, and the discovery of methods for the artificial preparation of beau- tiful coloring substances from aniline. He ob- tained the colorless base known as rosanilin and its colored salts, such as fuchsiti, dahlia {'Hof- 7nann's violet'), etc., which are the most impor- tant of the colors derived from aniline. These discoveries have contributed greatly to the de- velopment of the color industry, and have prac- tically revolutionized the art of dyeing. Among his contributions to physical chemistry may be mentioned his method of determining the vapor densities of chemical substances for the purpose of obtaining their molecular weights, and a method of demonstrating the dissociation of gases, such as carbonic-acid gas and water-vapor, by the action of electric sparks. Hofniann was a brilliant teacher, and his Introduction to Mod- ern Chemistry (1865, and several later editions) has brought about important reforms in the methods of teaching chemistry. He also wrote: A Uandbook of Organic Analysis (1853); The Life Work of Licbig in Experimental and Philo- sophic Chemistry (1876); Ziir Erinnerung an vorangegangene Freunde (1889), etc. Consult: Volhard and Fi.scher, August ^'ilhelm von Bof- mann. Bin Lcbcnsbild. im Auflrnge drr Deutsch- cn Chrtnisrhrn Oesellschaft (Berlin, 1902). HOFMANN, Fbanz Adolf (1843—). A Ger- man liygienist. He was born in Munich, studied medicine there, and was assistant in the physio- logical institute of the university until 1872, ■when he went to Leipzig as head of the university laboratory of pathological chemistry, Si.K years afterwards Hofmann was appointed to the man- agement of the hygienic institute of the same university. An editor of the Archiv fiir Hygiene, he contributed to that journal, to the Zeitschrift fiir Biologic, and to the Vicrteljahrschrift fiir bffentliche Gesundheitspflege, on pathological cliemistry, on the properties of subterraneous waters, and on disinfection, refrigeration, and the preservation of foods, especially meats. HOFMANN, Heixbich (1842-1902). A Ger- man composer, born in Berlin. As a pupil of Kulhik's Akademie he studied under Grell, Delin, and Wiierst, and became a well-known pianist. In 1869 his opera. Cartouche, was produced in Berlin, and thereafter he devoted himself en- tirely to composition, Hofmann was considered one of the foremost of contemporary composers, and was elected a member of the ISerlin Royal Academy of Arts, His compositions include: an L'ngarischc .S'lii/e ( 1873) ; the symphony Frithjof ( 1874) ; the o|)eras Dcr Matador ( 1872), Armiri (1872), Wilhelm ron Uranien (1882), LuHy ( 1889) ; the secular oratorio PiOHicf/ieus( 1896) ; numerous choral works, cantatas, and songs; and a series of exquisite pianoforte duets. HOFMANN, Heinbicii (1824—). A German hist(iric;il painter, born in Darmstadt. He was a pupil of Theodor Ilihlebraudt and Schadow at Diisseldorf and of the Antwerp Academy. After visiting Italy in 1854-58, where he came under (lie intluence of Cornelius, anil practising in diircrcnt tierman cities, he settled, in 1862, at Dresden, where he became professor at the Academy, Although his subjects are drawn from the entire domain of literature and my- thology, his extensively engraved scenes from the life of Christ are most widely known. Among these are: "Christ Taken Prisoner" (1858, Darm- stadt), "The Adulteress before Christ" (1868, Dresden). "Christ's Sermon on Lake Gennesa- ret" (1875, Berlin), and "(lirist in the Temple" (1882, Dresden), In 1878-79 he decorated the ceiling of the vestibule in the Dresden Theatre with "Apotheosis of the Heroes of the Greek Drama." In color, composition, and drawing his paintings are good, though not of the first rank; they owe their popularity to his ideal conception of biblical events, HOFMANN, .loiiAXN Chbistian Konbad von (1810-77), A German Lutheran theologian and historian, born in Xuremberg. He studied his- tory and theology at the universities of Er- langen and Berlin, and in 1833 was appointed a teacher in the gymnasium at f>langen. Two years later he became a tutor in the theological faculty of the university, and in 1841 professor cxtraordinarius. The next year he accepted a call as full professor to Rostock, but in 1845 returned to Kriangen. In 1857 he was ennobled. He was the head of the so-called Erlangen school, which developed the theological ideas of Bengel, and in the end conformed in all essential re- spects with the doctrines of the Lutheran Church. As a member of the Second Chamber of the Bavarian Legislature he labored for the union of Germany, and was, despite his clerical conser- vatism, a member of the Progressist Party. His writings include: Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte (2d ed. 1843); ^Ycissagung und ErfUllung (2d e<l.. 3 vols., 185700) ; Die Heilige t<chrift Xeuen Testaments, zusummenhUngend untersucht (1862- 80, the latter part edited by Vlock) ; and Der Schriftbeiceis (2d ed. 1857-60). Consult Grau, Johann Christian Konrad von Hofmann. Erin- ncrungrn ( fiiitersloh, 1879). HOFMANN, Josef (1877—). A celebrated Polish concert pianist, born in Cracow, Galicia. His father was a leading musician of War.saw, in which city he held the position of professor of liarniony and composition at the conservator}', and also the directorship of the opera. Josef studied with his father until he was fifteen years of age. after which he spent two years with Rubinstein. As a child he was one of the most remarkable musical prodigies ever known; at the age of six years he had made his public debut, and by the time be was nine bad toured Conti-