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* HOFMANN. 127 HOFFMANN. yachtstiicke (1817). All are alike characterized by a lyric swing and an erratic imagination that is Mentally disquieting and ytt blended with shrewd satire, wit. and even wisdom. He died of disease induced by dissipation, his mind at times dear, and clinging tenaciously to a life that ebbed inch by inch away. Hoffmann's Works are in fifteen volumes (1879-83). Of the more popular, there are many editions. Tlie Elixire des Teufels has been translated into English (1824), also Der goldene Topf (The Golden Pot), one of the Phanlasiesiiicke, by Carlyle in his German Ro- mance (Edinburgh. 1827), with a biographical sketch. Other translations are by Gillies (Lon- don. 1826) ; Bcalbyl New York. 1.88.5) ; and Ewing (London, 1886). Consult: Hitzig, Hoffmanns Leben und yachlass (Stuttgart, 1839), and Erin- n(run(icn. by Funck (Leipzig, 183G). HOFFMANN, Friedbich (1660-1742). A German phj-sieian, one of the most celebrated of the eighteenth century. He was born at Halle, and received his medical degree in 1681 at .Jena. He then studied chemistry at Erfurt, under Kas- par Cramer; practiced at Jlinden and Halberstadt with great success, and was professor of medicine in the University of Halle from 1693 to 1742. In 1708 he became physician to the King of Prussia at Berlin, and sub.sequently enjoyed a European reputation second only to that of Boerhaave. His name is perpetuated in the title Hoffmann's ano- dyne. (See Ether.) His greatest work was lvdicina Rationalis Sristematica (1718-40); Opera Omnia Physico-Medica Denuo Revisa, Cor- recta et Aucta (1740) and Medicini Consulta- toria (1721-39) were also celebrated, together with the Opuscula. published after his death and reprinted at Venice in seventeen volumes, in 1745. and subsequently at Naples. HOFFMANN, GfSTAV (known as Gr.^bex- HoFFMAXN) ( 1820-1900). A German composer, born at Bnin. near Posen. He was the pupil of Stiimer in Berlin, and afterwards of Hauptmann at Leipzig in singing, and acquired a reputation in barytone parts in concert and oratorio. He taught vocal music, and composed nearly a hun- dred books of songs and choral music, besides publishing several text-books on voice-training. His best-known song is '"Fiinfmalhunderttausend Teufel." In 1885 he settled at Potsdam, where he founded a singing-school for women. HOFFMANN, Hans (1848—). A German novelist, born in Stettin. He studied at the universities of Bonn, Berlin, and Halle, and made a long visit to Italy and Greece. He is one of the most gifted of the modern German novelists, and unites with an uncommon talent for vivid descriptions of landscapes a poetical and delightful humor. Among his works are: lu-an dcr Hclireckliche und sein Bund (1889); Ton Friihiing zu Friihling (1889; 3d ed. 1898) ; Geschicliten atis llinterpommern (1891; 2d ed. 1894); and Irrendc Muttrrliebe (1900). HOFFMANN, or HOFFMANN-DONNEB, dOn'er, Heinric'U (1809-94). A German humor- ous poet, born in Frankfort-on-the-JXain. At his marriage he added his wife's name (Donner) to his own. He studied at the universities of Hei- delberg, Halle, and Paris ; then became a teacher of anatomv in the .Senckenberg Institution in Frankfort-on-the-Main. and from 1851 till 1889 ■was directing physician of the municipal insane asylum. He wrote on medical subjects, but is far better known through his children's books, whicK he illustrated himself. The most famous of these, Struic wet peter (1845), has gone through several hundred editions, and has been widely translated. He also published Kiinig Sussknacker and a volume of poems, Auf heitern Pfaden (1873). HOFFORY, h5'fo-rg, (.John Peter) Jui-ius (1855-97). A Danish-German philologist, phone- tician, and Germanic scholar, born at Aarhus. He was educated at Copenhagen and Berlin. In 1886 he was made professor of Norse philology and phonetics at the University of Berlin, lie wrote: Eddastudien (1889) ; "Pho'netische Streitfragen," in the Zeitsehrift fiir vergleichende Sprachfor- schung. vol. xxiii.; and Professor Sieiers und die Principien der ^prachphysiotogieil>iSi) . both at- tacks on Sievers. He edited and translated into German some of Holberg's comedies under the title of Danische Hchauhuhne (1885-87), and translated other Danish writings in Sordische Bibliothek (1889-91). He did much toward the introduction of Ibsen in Germany. HOFHAIMER, hoflii'mer, or HOFHAI- NEB, Paltlus von (1459-1537). An Austrian composer, born in Salzburg. He was an ex- cellent organist, and filled the position of Court organist and composer in Vienna. He received numerous honors, and was especially distin- guished as a teacher. As a composer he ranked among the foremost of his time. His best work was Harmoniw foeMcff'( 1839, republished 1868), consisting of Latin poems set for four voices. In addition, he composed many German songs. HOFHtTF, ho-foof. See El-Hoflf. HOFLEB, hef'ler, Karl Adolf Konstantix VON (1811-97). A German historian. He was born at Memmingen. and studied at the univer- sities of Munich and GiJttingen. For two years (1834-36) he was in Rome and Florence, making historical researches. When he returned to Mu- nich he directed the Milnchener Zeitung, the offi- cial journal of Bavaria. Three years afterwards he was made a professor at the university there. He became involved in the political troubles of Bavaria, and the publication of his Konkordat und Konstitutionseid der Eatholiken in Bayerti (1847) lost him his Munich chair; but. after being archivist at Bamberg for a time, he was made professor of history in the University of Prague (1851). In the controversy between the Czechs and the Germans, Hofler sided conspicu- ously with the Czechs, and in 1872 he was called intothe Austrian House of Peers. His numerous historical publications include: Die deutschen Papste (1839); Lehrbuch der allgemeinen (le- schichte (1850-56); Papst Adrian 17. (1880); Monumcnta Uispanica (1881-82) ; and Die Aera derBastarden am Schtussedes Hittelalters ( 1891) . HOFMANN, hof'man. August Wilhelm von (1818 92). A distinguished German chemist, born at Giessen. After obtaining the degree of doctor of philosophy, he became assistant to Liebig in the Giessen laboratory, and in 1845 became professor of chemistry in the University of Bonn. In the same year the Royal College of Chemistry was established in London, and Hofmann was recommended by Liebig as highly qualified for the post of superintendent to the new institution. This college, which subsequently became part of the Royal School of Mines, owes much of its high reputation to Hofmann's ac-