Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/138

* KOCKDAY. ll'O HOCKEY. ly a popular fostivnl in Encland obsen'od as late ns tin- sixtppnth rpntiirv. Hockday and ^fichnp^ mas (q.v.) wpre tlip rpntdays in rural Kngland. HiK-ktidp or Ilookdays incliidpd HookTiiPsday and dip day before. The oripin of the festival is uncprtnin. HbCKERT, hC-k'frt. Johan.n Fbedrik (1820- ti(i). A Swiilisli gpnru and historical paintpr, born at Ji'inkilpin;;. He .--tndipd art at Stockhidni. went with Uuklund to .Munich ( lS4ti-4'.») . from 1851 to 1857 studied in Paris, and traveled c.Mpnsivcly in the Nptlierlands. Spain, Italy, and Northern Africa. His iniportancp in Swedish art lies espe- cially in his coloring. He was styled the 'Swed- ish Dtdacroix,' and in this point must be held one of the t;rcatest artists of his country during the century. Hiickert"s best pictures arc scenes of life in Lapland, where he had traveled in 1849 with the l)otanisl Andersson. Besides, he painted a few portraits and man}' historical pictures such as "f'liristina Ordering the E.veculion of Mo- naldeschi" (1853); •'The Rescue of Gustavus Vasa" (1858): and the uncompleted canvas "Burning of a Palace in Stockholm, !(!!)". " Bet- ter known are: "Service in a Lapland Chapel," which received a gold medal at thp Exposition of 1855. and is now at Lille: "Interior of a Hut in La[dand" (1858). at the Stockholm Museum; anil the "Uattoiks .Maiden," a Swedish genre can- vas, now at GiJteborg. HOCK'ET (OF. hof/tiet, hocqiict, hotiguct, hie- congh ; so called from the broken effect). One of the very oldest forms of comjMisition, much in vogue during the twelfth and thirteenth cen- turies. .After the fourteenth century the hocket seems to have disajipcarcd entirely. It was a composition for two or three voices where one voiee siuldenly, and at irregular intervals, inter- rupted the other voices. It really was more con- trapuntal trickery than a serious art-form. The English rnlrh (q.v.) is very much like the hocket. HOCKEY (also hawkey, hookey, apparently from hook, in allusion to the hookpd club with which the game is played). A game played by opposing tpams of pipven pach, now divided into five forwards, three halfbacks, two backs, and a goal-keeper, on a ground one hundred yards long by fifty or sixty wide. The playing space is in- dicated by white side lines and end or goal lines. The goals, one at each end, consist of two upright posts twelve feet apart and a horizontal bar seven feet from the ground. In front of each goal is a semicircular white line fifteen yards from it, curving back to a ])oint twelve feet from each goalpost. No goal counts unless the ball was last hit, h}' one of the attacking side, inside this semicircle. The shape of the hockey-stick is not regulated, excx-pt that it must have no sharp edges or metal on it, and it must l>e able to be pas.sed through .1 ring two inches in diameter. It is usually curved at the bottom end. and Aveighs in the neighborhoo<l of 25 oiinces. The ball is an ordinary ericket-ball painted white. The play is started from the centre of the ground by a bully, i.e. one player of each side takes position on opposite sides of the ball. Each strikes the ground on his side of the ball, and then each strikes his opponent's stick three times, alternately, over the ball. Either of the two can then strike the ball. When it is driven over the end lines by the attacking party, it is brought back to within 25 yards of the goal-line and started by another bully. When a defending party hits it over the goal-lines the penally is a tree hit hy the attacking parly from the corner Hag. There arc various penally bullies. A goal is scored when the ball has been driven in a hiw- ful manner, i.e. by a stroke in which the slick does not rise above the shoulder, and from within the prescribed 'striking circle' between the goal- posts and under the cross-bar. The hall may bo caught and imincdiately drop[x>d, or stopppd w ith any part of the body; liut must not In- carried, or kicked, or knocked, except with the slick. When a ball passes the side lines it is rolled along the ground from the spot where it crossed by one ot the opposite side to that of the player who last touched it. The game is usually played for seventy minutes in two halves, the players chang- ing ends at the interval. The game remained in an unorganized condi- tion in Kngland, its original home, until 1883, when the first modern rules were reduced to definite shape by the Wimlilcdon Club. In 188l'> the Hockey Association was organized, followed in rapid succession liy many county associations. Ireland and Wales also have national associa- tions, and since I8U4 international matches have been played yearly. In the I nited States, ex- cept as played on the ice, the game still remains iniix^rfectly organized. Ice IIockkv. The old winter game of hockey, or shinney, is the basis of the modern game of ice hockey, but the modern game is more scien- tific than its English and Scotch predecessors. The old game was ])layed on more or less frozen ground, and the players cared more about action than rules, and, in the beginning, no restrictions existed as to the number on each side, the sha|)e or proportion of the sticks, the size or material of the ball, the size of the playing space, or even the manner of making a goal. Order was brought out of chaos by the .McCIill University team and the Victorias of Montreal, and by other clubs co- operating with them, between 1881 and 1834. In 1887 the Hockey .Association of Canada was formed, and the game fairly entered on a new career. Since then various local associations have been formed, among which the most promi- nent are the Manitoba and Northwest Amateur Hockey Association and the Ontario Hockey As- sociation. The emblem of supremacy among the various leagues is 'the Stanley Cup.' pre- sented by L<ird Stanley, a former Oovernor- General of Canada. The game was introduced in the United States by a Canadian studying in Baltimore: thence it spread to Yale. CompU. ami other colleges, in a zone limited by natural con- ditions or by the presence of rinks of artificial ice. Around New York the important teams have combined to form 'the .matpur Hockey League.' whose series of matches may bo considerpd the special feature of the .season's play. The Western Pennsylvania League centres around Pittsburg: and the game nourishes also in Chipago. Balli- morp, Philadplphia, Washington, and other large cities. Though among the first to play the game, the colleges have not until recently taken up the sport as an intercollegiate one. Now. however, it occupies an important position in the winter games of the larger Eastern colleges. Wherever there is a possibility of sufficient practice, col- lege teams rival in excellence the best of the clubs. In England and Scotland ice hockey found