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* HOBART. 116 HOBBES. vols., 18)8-20). Consult: Borrian, "Memoir." at- tached to the I'oalhumous ^yorks of lUshup Uo- hart (New York, 1S33) ; McVickar, The Early Professional and Closing Years of liishop Uobart {Svy York, 1830). HOBABT, .John Hexey (1817-80). An Anifrican Kpiscopal clerg>'iiian and author, tlic youngest son of John Henry Hobart (q.v.). He was born in New Y'ork City, jrraduated at Columbia Collejje, and was ordained in 1841. After havin;: a charge at Balliniore, he was assistant in Trinity Church, in New Y'ork City, for fifteen years, and afterwards became rector of Trinity Church, Fishkill, N. Y'. He published: Instruction and Encouragement for Lent (1859) ; Mediaealism (1877); and Church Keform in Mexico (1877). HOBART COLLEGE. A college, situated at Geneva. X. Y.. under Episcopal auspices. It was projected in 1812, and named after Bishop Hobart, through whose efforts it was organized. A provisional charter was secured in 1821, and a full charter in 182.5, under the title of Geneva College. In 18r)2 the name was changed to Hobart Free College, and in 1800 to Hobart Col- lege. The college otfers academic courses leading to the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, of Philoso- phy, and of Letters. It had, in 1902, 19 in- structors, 100 students, a library of about 40.000 volumes, property valued at $(i7G.S!l.i. including grounds and buildings worth $107,480, and an annual income of .'f31,070. HOBART PASHA, pa'shii' (ArorsTUS Charles IIoB.RT-llAMrDEX) (1822-80). An Eng- lish admiral in the Turkish service. He en- tered the British Navj- in 1835; distinguished himself in the Crimean War, and when he retired in 1863 was captain. During the .Vmerican Civil War he was a blockade-runner, and had many narrow escapes. In 1807 Hobart entered the Turkish service as naval adviser to the Sultan. His first service was in .suppressing the Cretan rebellion, for which he was promoted an admiral with the title of pasha. He reorganized the Turkish fleet, which he cnmmanded on the Black Sea against Russia, in the War of 1877-78, and in 1881 was appointed marshal of the Empire. Al- though his name was twice struck from the Brit- ish na-j- list for oiterating against powers friend- ly to Great Britain, in disregard of the Foreign Enlistment Act, he was finally restored in 1885 with the rank of vice-admiral. His book, Sketches of Hit Life (1887), published posthu- mously, is a mixture of fact and fiction. HOBBEMA, hAbTiS-ma, IMeindert (1638- 1709). A Dutch landscape painter. His birth- place is unknown, although seven towns. .Vmster- dam among them, claim the honor. The date of birth, 1638, is verified by the statement in the record of his marriage at Amsterdam, Octo- ber 2, 1068, that he was thirty years old at that time. Hobbema passed most of his life at Amsterdam, where he seems to have Iwen a pupil of Ruysdael (q.v.). As such well-known con- temporaries as Berchen, Vandevelde. and Lingel- bach arc said to have painted the figures in his landscapes, it seems likely that he was appre- ciated by the artists of his day. The general ])uMic, however, ignored his work, and he died at .msterdam in poverty. December 14. 1709. Hobbema and Ruysdael are the greatest land- scape painters of the Dutch school; their art mark-if its <'onsummation. Ruysdael is usually considered the greater of the two because hi^ subjects are grander; he painted rocky gorges, torrents rushing through ravines, stormy autumn scenes, while Hobbema preferred the gentler aspects of nature, such as quiet woodland scenes, pools of water with subtle sunlight efTects, ro- mantic water-mills and streams. In subtlety of technique he was the equal, probably the su- perior, of Ruysdael. His pictures are rich in warm and golden tones, and his color has a transparent quality, filh brilliant cllects re- flected in sky and water. His technique is bold in touch, but careful in finish of details. No one has better portrayed the magical effects of sun- light. He is more absolutely true to nature than Ruysdael; his trees are more individual, with greater variety of foliage and color. It was not until the eighteenth century that his merit was appreciated. The English were the first to ac- knowledge it, and therefore far the greater num- ber of liis best works are now in the private collections of England. Hobliema also exercised great influence upon the English landscajjc paint- ers of the latter eighteentli century, especially upon Old Cromc. At present his works are much sought after, and their high value has caused forgeries of signatures and dates upon his paint- ings. It is therefore impossible to date them with accuracy. Of all public collections the National Gallery is richest in works of Hobbema, possessing five of his landscapes. The best known of these is the "Avenue Near Middelharnis, Holland," one of the towns claiming to be his birthplace. The etfect of its aerial perspective is very remark- able, as is also the glowing light from the sky. Another fine picture in the National Gallery is the "Ruins of Breberode Castle," faithfully rendered, just as it now stands on the road to Haarlem. The Glasgow Gallery is rich in his pictures, and Amsterdam has several, includ- ing the famous "Water-Mill." There are also good examples in the Louvre, and in the gal- leries at Bruss<ds, Berlin. Dresden. Frankfort, and Vienna. The Jletropolitan Mu.seum, New- York, pos.sesscs a "Landscape View in Holland." Consult Michel, Ttohhemn rt les pnysagiates de son temps en hoUnnde (Paris, 1890). HOBBES, h6bz, .Tohx Olitr (Pearl Rich- ards Cr.Ii;ie) (1867 — ). An English novelist, born in Boston, Mass. Her father removed to England while she was very young, and she was educated there by private tutors and later in Paris and at I'niversity College. London. She was married in 1887 to Reginald W. Craigie. but the marriage proved an unhappy one, and she secured a divorce in 1895. Among her publica- tions are the novels: Home Emotions and a 3foral (1801) ; The Sinner's Comedy (1892) ; A Study in Temptations (1893); The Cods. Some Mortals, and Lord Wiehenham (1895) ; .4 Bundle of Life (1894); Robert Orange (1900); The Serious Wooing (1901) : and Love and the Soul Hunters (1902); and the plays. Journeys End in Lovers' Meeting, for Miss Ellen Terry (1894) ; The Ambassador (1898): and .4 Repentance (1899). Her style is cynical, brilliant, and epi- grammatic, especially in dialogue. HOBBES, Thomas (1.588-1679). An English philosopher and political theorist. He was bom at Malniesbury, on April 5, 1588, the son of a