Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/117

* HISHAM. 101 HISTOLOGY. HISHAM, hesh-am'. The name of several Oniniiad rulers of Spain. Hisham I. was Emir of Cordova from 788 to 796. He was a vig- orous ruler and put down revolts with a firui han<l. He also was successful in .some expeditions against the Franks. He is, hov.ever, rememl)ere<l chiefly for his personal habits. In disguise he wandered incognito about the capital, succoring the fKJor and oppressed, caring for the sick, and inquiring into the administration of justice. His charity and justice endeared him to his subjects. — Hisii.vM II., Ommiad Caliph of Cordova from 970 to lOU'J, succeeded to the throne before he was twelve. He had little ability and lived in seclusion, while his chief officer. Al ilansur, made conquests from the Christians. Hisham was deposed and probably murdered. — With HisH-^M III., who was deposed in 1031, and died in retirement in 1036, the Ommiad caliphate in Spain came to an end. HISPA'NIA (probably connected with Heb. shOiifnt, rabbit, from shaptnt, to hide). The name by which the Spanish Peninsula, including the modern Spain and Portugal, was known to the Romans. By the Greeks it was called Iberia, and by the Roman poets sometimes Hesperia, the Western Land. The earliest inhabitants of whom we have any knowledge were the Iberians, a race apparently unconnected ethnically or linguistic- ally with any other race of Europe, of which the modern representatives are the Basques of Northern Spain. But in very early times hordes of Celts crossed the Pyrenees and occupied almost the whole peninsula, pushing back or assimilating the Iberians, whence the natives were generally tailed Celtiberians by the ancients. The national wealth of the country — especially its sih-er de- posits — early attracted traders and colonists. About the middle of the fourth century B.C. the Greek colony of Emporite (Ampurias) was founded on the northeast coast. Phoenician trad- ers early made the circuit of the coasts, and Gades (Cadiz) was one of their permanent trad- ing stations. The Carthaginians, driven from Sicily, Corsica, and Sardinia by the Romans, de- termined to conquer Spain both as a source of wealth and as a base of operations against Italy. Carthago Xova (Cartagena) was their principal town, and they soon brought almost the entire country under their sway. From here Hannibal set out to cross the Alps (B.C. 218) : but his down- fall at the end of the Second Punic War lost the country to the Carthaginians and placed it under Roman control. For a century or two, however, the native tribes continued in a state of scmi- indcpcndence, until in the time of Augustus, who founded many colonies in Spain, the country was finally Romanized. The peninsula was divided into three provinces: Hispania Tarraconciisit. with its capital Tarraco (Tarragona) in the north and east ; Bsetica in the south ; and Lusitania, corresponding nearly to the modern Portugal. HISPANIOLA, his'panyo'lii. The Latinized nano for Espanola, the island of Haiti (q.v. ). HISSAB, his-sar'. The capital of a district of the Delhi division, Punjab. British India, on the West .Jumna Canal. 89 miles northwest of Delhi by rail (Jlap: India. C 3). It is the seat of a governmental cattle farm with 43.287 acres devoted to pasturage. Hissar was founded in 13,')4 and has interesting archieological and his- torical remains. Population, 17,000. HISSAKXIK. See Troy. HISTLffiA, histi-e'a (Lat., from Ok. 'lariaia, Histiaia, dialectic form of 'Earia, Hestia, Lat. 'esta}, or Okeus. An ancient and important city of Eubcea. on the north extremity of the island in the District of Hellopia. It was prob- ably founded by settlers from the Histia?otia driven out by the advance of the Thessalians. In the peri(xl following the invasion of Xerxes it passed into the hands of the Athenian League, but in B.C. 446 joined the rest of Eubcea in a re- volt. When the island was reduced by Pericles, the old inhabitants of the town were expelled, and Athenian colonists settled in the neighbor- ing village of Oreus, which soon developed into a flourishing city, and gave the popular name to the colony, though officially it was still called Histiaea. At the end of the Peloponnesian War the descendants of the old inhabitants and other Euba'ans replaced the expelled Athenians, and the city remained loyal to Sparta till after the battle of Leuctra, when it joined the second Athenian League. In the war between Philip and the Athenians, Oreus was one of the centres of Macedonian intrigue, and in the confusion after Alexander's death, and later during the Roman wars, it was of considerable strategic importance. In B.C. 200 it was stonued by the Romans. After this it fell into decaj'. HIS'TI.ffi'XrS (Lat., from Ok. 'loTiaios, Bis- tiaios) ( ?-B.c. 494). A tyrant of Jliletus, who guarded the bridge of boats by which the Persians had crossed the Danube when Darius invaded Scythia (B.C. .513). He refused to follow Mil- tiades's suggestion to destroy the bridge, and, in consequence, was rewarded by Darius with the rule of Mitylene, and with a district in Thrace. Afterwards, however, he was suspected of treason, and was detained at the Persian Court for thir- teen years. Tired of this restraint, he secretly instigated the revolt of the Ionian Greeks, and was sent by Darius to suppress it. 'ith his freedom thus recovered he openly made war against the Persians, but was defeated, and finally beheaded by Artaphernes. His head was sent to Darius, who received it with sorrow and buried it with honors. HISTOIKE COMIQUE DE FKANCION, e'stwar' kiVmek' de fraN'syoN' (Fr.. Comic His- tory of Francion ). A romance by Charles Sorel de Sauvigny (1622). published under the pseu- donjnn of Nicolas du Moulinet. The chief inter- est of the story is in the infoniiation which it supplies of contemporary customs, and in the fact that it is one of the few realistic novels of the seventeenth century. It met with much success, but was always disavowed by its author. HISTOL'OGY (from Gk. iffris, histos. web, from Iffrdm, histanai, to stand + -^oyia, -logia, account, from X^eii', legein, to say). That branch of biological science which treats of the micro- scopical structure of living organisms, both ani- mal and vegetable. The histology of plants belongs to the domain of botany, that of animals to the domain of human and comparative anatomy. Just as gross anatomy is subdivided into normal anatomy and pathological anatomy, so histology may be subdivided into normal histology and pathological histology. The term histology when unqualified is usually accepted as referring to normal histology. HisTORV. Although the study of the micro-