Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/110

* HIPPODAMIA. HIPPODAMIA, hlp'potla-nii'a (Lat., from (.ik. 'lTTo3dM. and the pleiaj Sterope. As au oracle had declared that CKnomaus should be killed by his son-inlaw, the King required that each suitor should engage in a chariot race. The suitor with llippodaniia in his chariot was al- lowed so nnuh time us (Knoniaus needed for a saorilice to Poseidon. As his horses were a gift of the god. the King always caught the luckless suitor, whom he slew in passing with his spear. Pclops bribed ilyrlilus. the King's charioli-er. to weaken the linchpin, and CEnoniaus was dragged to death by his own horses. After his victory Pelops threw Myrtilus into the sea, and was cursed by the drowning man for his faithlessness. Hippodaniia tiecanie the wife of Pelops and the mother of Atreut, and Thyestes. She afterwards induced them to nuirder their lialf-brother. Chry- sippus. and then tied to ilidea. in Argolis. where she died. Her liody was brought by Pelops to Olynipia and interred in the sacred indosure of the Alt is. where she was worshiped in later times. The preparations for the chariot-race formed the subject of the sculptures in the ea.st p«-diment of the great temple at Olympia. and Hippodamia appears not infrequently on vases. Hippodaniia was also the name of the wife of Pirithous. at whose wedding the conflict oc- curred between the Centaurs and Lapithie (q.v. ). HIP'PODBOME (Lat. ft ippodrom us. from Gk. iTT-Mpoaor, race-course. from i-tw;, hippos, horse + <ipuuor, dromos. course, from ^pa/ifiv, dramein, to run). The Greek name for the place set apart for horse and chariot races. The dimensions seem to have varied at different places. In construction and all important points of arrangement it was the counterpart of the Roman circus (q.v.). The dimensions (at Olym- pia) have recently come to light in a Greek MS. in Constantinople. The total circuit was eight stadia (about ".O.'i nile), but the length of the actual race-course was only si.-. It is also said that pairs of colts made three circuits, pairs of grown horses or four colts made eight rounds, and the four-horse chariots twelve. As this would make the latter race cover about eight and a half miles, some modern scholars believe that not the circuit, but merely the length of the hippodrome, is meant, and that therefore the length of the contests should be reduced one-half. A race of over eight miles must have been a contest of endurance rather than of speed. The breadth at Olympia was about .350 feet. At Olympia the starting was effected by means of the aphcsis. a system of stalls arranged along the two sides of a triangle, the ape. of which was to the right of the centre line, and ap- parently so arranged that the distances from the turning-point to the angles at the base of the triangle were e<|ual. The .start was effected by setting free the chariots on the extreme right and left, and when they came abreast of the next two. bv setting them free also, and so on till all we're in motion. The number of sta.lers seems at times to have been very large, as Pindar speaks of 41 chariots as competing at the Pyth- ian games, and .lcibiadcs alone sent seven chariots to Olympia. The golden aae of the hippodrome was during the Byzantine Empire. The blue and green factions in the hippodrome carried their animosity into all departments of the public service, and the Xika riots in Con- 94 HIPPOLYTXIS. stantinoplc threatened to dethrone Justinian. The site of the great hippodrome at Constanti- nople is still called Atoneidan (the horse-phu-e) by the Turks, and the line of the central barrier is marked by the obelisk of Theodosius, the bronze >er|)ents that supported the Plata'an tri- pod, and the column erected by Constantine VII. Consult: Lehndorff, IHiipodromos (Berlin, 187(5): Pollack. Hippodromka (Leipzig. 18110); Wernicke and Schiine. in Jahrbuch dcs archiio- logisclun Inslituls. ix. (Berlin, 1894) and xii. (ib., 1897 I : and especially the elaborate article by A. Martin. "Hippodromos." in l)areml)erg and Saglio. Dirliiiiiiiiiiri drs (iiifr./i/i(< s ( Pari-. 1H!>7). HIP'POGRIFF, ur HIP'POORYPH (from Gk. ixTot, hippos, horse + Lat. yiyphun, griffin, from Gk. ypinl', grypa, from ypirr6f, yrypos, hook-nosed). A fabulous animal, represented a3 a winged horse, with the head of a griffm. HIPPOLITA. ( 1 ) The Queen of the Amazons and the iM'trothed of Theseus, in Stiakespciire's ilidsiDhinir Mijht's Dream. In The Ticd Soble Kinsmvn she ap|>i'ars as Theseus's wife. (2) A merchant's ilaughler. the heroine of Wycherley's (}enth iiiitn Itnii'iiiij Master. HIPPOLTTUS (Lat., from Gk. IxirfXwrof). In lireek legend, the son of Theseus (q.v.) and the Amazon Antio|)e or Hippolyte, a mighty hunter and devoted servant of Artemis, but a despiser of Aphrodite, who wreaked a ter- rible vengeance on him. Brought uji in Troezen, he was first seen by his stepmother Phaedra when a young man. She fell in love with him. and wlien he repulsed her advances committed sui- cide, leaving a letter to Theseus accusing Hip- polytus of an attempt upon her virtue. Theseus, besought his father. Poseidon, to avenge him, and Poseidon sent a sea monster, who frightened the horses of Hippolytus so that they ran away and drairged him t<i his death. Hippolytus was worshiiK'd at Troezen. One version told how Artemis persuaded .s<lepius to restore her fa- vorite to life, and tliis led the Romans to identify him with the deity Virbius of Aricia. The story is best known to" us through the llippohjtus of Euripides, which has l)ecn imitated by Seneca in his Uippoli/tus and by Racine in his Phrdre. Consult : Euripides. Ilippolytos. edited by Wila- niowitz-Midlendorf (Berlin! 1891): Kalkmann, De Bippolyto Euripidis (Bonn, 1882). On the numerous representations, especially on sar- cophagi, consult: Kalkmann. ""CelMT Darstellun- gen der Hippolytos-Sage." in the Archaoloyische Zeituny (Berlin. 1^>S:?) : Robert, AntiUe Sar- kophnnrrli'fa. ii. (Berlin, 1902). HIPPOLYTUS. The name of several saints and martyrs oi the early Church, of whom the most interesting flourished in the early part of the third century. Although a verj- prominent man in his day. the known facts of his life are few. He was of Greek ancestry and possibly bom in Rome, l)ecame a presbyter of Rome un- der Bishop Zephyrinus (198-217), and attracted attention by his great learning. He headed a party in opposition In Zephyrinus. and especially to his successor Calixtus. and was chosen by it their bishop. But as his opposition was prob- ably mostly personal and on questions of policy, when I'rban I. succeeded Calixtus, he was reconciled with the Roman Church. However, in 2.3.7 he went into exile to Sardinia with Pon- tianus, Urban's successor, and died there. He