Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 10.djvu/105

* HINNOM. 89 HINSDALE. unprotected outside the walls. That Solomon should Ijuild temples to C'hemosh and Moloch, the gods of tlie conquered Jloabitish and Amnion- itish dependencies, was only natural ( 1. Kings xi. 7). These shrines would not be far from the royal sanctuary. When even kings like Ahaz and Manasseh oli'ered their firstborn, and questions such as those in Micah vi. 6-7 could be asked in Judnh touching the expediency of making similar .sacrifices to Yahweh, there is no reason to sup- pose that the inhabitants of Jerusalem objected to having ofTerings of the firstborn made to Moloch near the Yahweh temple. A later addi- tion to I. Kings xi. 7, found in the Greek version, states that Solomon also built a temple to Ash- taroth. (See Astarte. ) This is not improb- al)lc, liut it may simply reflect the memory of the actual existence of such a sanctuary in the valley. The sites had probably been occupied long before Solomon by Canaanitish shrines. The name of the valley is quite obscure. Its full title seems to have been either "Valley of the Sons of Hin- nom" or "V'alley of the Son of Hinnom." The former is found in II. Kings xxiii. 10. and often in the best manuscripts of the Greek version ; the latter in .Joshua xv. 8 and xviii. 16. where the abbreviated form Valley of Hinnom is also found, and in II. Chron. xxviii. .3, .xxxiii. 6; Jer. vii. 31- 32. xix. 2-0. .xxxiii. 3.5. Hinnom was regarded by the Greek translators as a proper name, and many modern authors take the same view. But as the name is changed in Jer. vii. 32, xix. 6, to 'Valley of Slaughter.' it probably originally sug- gested a pleasant meaning. It has been conjec- tured that the name of the divinity worshiped in the valley was Ben Naaman, 'pleasant son,' which may have been a descriptive title of Tammuz. Another explanation, necessitating no alteration of the consonantal text, is thaf hinain meant in this connection 'sexual enjoyment,' and that the participants in the licentious rites, practiced at the shrines and in the gi'oves of this valley were called 'sons of joy.' In the Babylonian Talnuid {Eruhin, 19 a), Hinnom is connected with the word hinuin used in the sense of levity, licen- tiousness. The meaning of the root is 'to be jocund,' and the word hinnom should probably be connected with it. At one of the sanctuaries in this valley children were passed through the altar-fire to Moloch. It is not evident whether the phrase implies a burnt-oflfering or an ordeal by fire. But .Tosiah defiled one of the chief sanc- tuaries, the Taphet. later pronounced Tophet to suggest hoshcth, 'shame.' What basis there is for the medi.Tval rabbinic statement that per- petual fires were kept up in this valley for con- suming dead bodies of criminals and carcasses of animals, cannot be ascertained. If Tophet was at the southern end of the Tyropa?on, near Siloam. this cremation of refuse would be outside the city limifs. The apocalyptic expectation in the sec- ond century of a final battle between the nations and Israel outside of the holy city seems to have rested upon this feature of the surroundings. Here the enemy would be consumed, and the pious who should go up to the temple in .Terusalem on Sabbaths and at new moons would look with satisfaction upon the carcasses consumed by fire and worms (Is. Ixvi. 23-24). The same iilea is foun<l in Knoch xxvii. Gradually the term Oe Hinnnni. or .ramaized. Gehenna, came to be used, not of this valley in Jerusalem, but of the sub- terranean Tartarus to which it was the entrance; of the unseen place of final punishment of the impenitent; of the sudden destruction of both soul and body; or figuratively, of the inner con- demnation of spiritual loss. On the geographical question, consult: Warren's article "Hinnom," in the Hastings liihle Dictionary ; Conder's ar- ticle "Jerusalem," in the Encyclopedia Bihlica ; George Adam Smith, Historical Oeoffraphy of the Holy Land (London, 1897). See Gehenna; Hell; Judgment, Final; Eschatoloqy. HINNY (Lat. hinna, hinnus, Gk. IVi/os, or yinnns, Gk. yhvos, mule from a stallion and a she-ass). The hybrid produced between a horse and a female ass. It is smaller than a mule, but the body is more bulky in proi)ortion to the legs, and its strength is inferior. It is less valuable than the mule, although more docile. The hinny is rare. It was described by some of the earlier raturalists as a hybrid between the ox and the ass. HINOYOSSA, he'noi-os'sa, Alexander d'. The director of Nieuer Amstel, a Dutch colony established on the east bank of the Delaware in 1656, and afterwards Governor of all the set- tlements on that river until the conquest of Xew Netherland by the English. Hinoj'ossa was born and died in Holland, and his activity in the Dutch settlements of America extended from 1656 to 1074. He came to New Amsterdam in 1056 as lieutenant in a small force of soldiers accompany- ing 150 Dutch emigrants, and succeeded Jacob Aldrichs as director of Nieuer Amstel in 1659. His position was a trying one on account of the conflicts of authority which were continually disturbing the colony, especially in regard to taxation. Appeals to Holland were frequent, and Hinoyossa refused to recognize the authority of Director Stu^''esant, of New Amsterdam, who had the supervision of the commissioners com- posing the government of the colony. As an in- vestment the latter was not at first profitable, owing to sickness and dissension among its mem- bers ; but Hinoyossa governed so vigorously and wisely that all attempts by the West India Com- pany to secure control failed. Confident of his own ability and seeing the necessity of a single and undisputed authority, Hinoyossa went to Holland in 1663 to ask for the entire direction of all the Delaware settlements, which was finally given to him. Director Stuyvesant for- mally transferred his authority, and the Swedes, who had rival settlements there, after a fruitless effort to resist the change also became obedient, and accepted Hinoyossa's control. On the Eng- lish conquest of New Netherland Hinoyossa re- turned to Holland and became a soldier in the Republican Arm_y in the great war with Louis XIV. HINSDALE, hinz'dal, Bx-rke Aaron (1837- 1900), An American educator. He was born in Ohio, and was educated at Hiram College, where he was a pupil of James A. Garfield. In 1861 he entered the Campbellite ministry, preaching in Cleveland and other places, and in 1866 was chosen assistant editor of the Christian Standard. Three years later he became professor of history and English literature in Hiram College, and from 1870 to 1882 was its president. After a few- years' service as superintendent of schools at Cleveland. Ohio, he was appointed professor of the science and art of teaching in the T^niversity of Michigan in 1886. Among his publications