Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/885

* HERETIC BAPTISM. 815 HERFOBD. was made by two Asia Minor synods held about tills time. It then became the ])iactlce in Car- thage and cl<ewlu'iv to rebaptlze those roeelved intii the Chureh fitim (he herelieal seets. un the fjnmnd that the baiitisni which llicy had re- ceived was no baptism. l!ut the Roman Church, and apparently the majority of the churches in the 'est. dissented from Agrlppinus, considering that the use by lierelics of the bajjlismal fornuila made their bap tisni valid; and accordingly, on the ground that baptism was not to be repeated, did not baptize those coming into the Church from heretical sects. In so acting these chnrches followed precedent, and iiistituled the practice since fol- lowed by the Roman Catholic CInirch throughout the world. When Cyprian, the great Bishop of Carthage, came into his see (in the year 248-40) he ac- cepted the view of the Carthaginian Cluirch, and when it was criticised he called synods, in 2.55 and 256, which fornuilated this view and enjoined the corresponding practice of rebaptism of con- verts from the heretics upon the churches. Cyprian sent a report of the doings of the coun- cils to Stephen, the Bishop of Rome from 254 to 257. Pope Stephen refused to conlinn the deci- sion of the African synods and wrote back se- verely reprimanding their action. The position of Stephen found vigorous sup- porters and probably little opposition in the Western Church generally. Thus Augustine, Bishop of Hippo (d. 4.30), the final teacher of the Western Church, lays down the same doctrine, in writing against Petilian, the Donatist: "When the water of baptism is given to any one in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, it is neither ours nor yours, but His of whom it was said to John, 't'lion whom thoi! shalt see the Spirit descending, and remaining on Him, the same is He who baptizeth with the Holy Spirit.' " But Cyprian's view was accepted and defended in many places, and vuiiversally by the Donatists, as was natural seeing that their leader and founder was Donatus, the Bishop of Carthage, in 313. So when Augustine entered in debate with the Donatists he devoted an entire treatise to the refutation of Cyprian's position [De haptismo contra Donatistas) . The Eastern Church has followed Cyprian rather than Stejihen in denying validity to heret- ical ba])tism anil insisting upon an orthodox in- terpretation of the baptismal formula. That this was early the case is shown by the remark of Cyril. Bishop of .Jerusalem (d. ."iSt!) : "We may not receive baptism twice or thrice. . . for there is only one baptism. . . heretics, how- ever, are rebaptized since the first [so called] baptism was no baptism;" by the council in the Apostolic Constitution!!, of uncertain date, but probably prior to the sixth century; "Be ye like wise contented with one baptism alone, that which is into the death of the T.ord ; not that which is conferred by wicked heretics, but that which is conferred by unblamable priests. . . . Those that receive polluted baptism from the un- godly will become partakers in their opinions;" and yet more strongly by the eoniinand in the Apostolic Cfivoiis. dating from the same period: "If a bishop or presbyter. . . does not baptize him who is polluted by the ungodly [i.e. has received heretical baptism], let him be de- prived." Alhanasius (d. 373) expressed himself to the same etrect: "There are many other heresies too, which use the words [of the bap- tismal formula], but not in a right sense. . . nor with sound faith, and in eon.sequenee the water which they adniiiiister is nnproiitable, as deficient in piety, so that he who is sprinkled by them is rather polluted by irreligion than re- deemed." The voice of the Council of Nica-a C-i'Io) is of the same tenor: "With respect to the i'auliaiiisls. who wish to return to the Catholic Church, the rule which orders them to be rebaptizcd mu.st be observed:" but the Council of Laodicca (somewhere between 343 and 381) distinguishes between heretics upon the ground of their position res|)ecting the Trinity, enjoin- ing rebaptism upon those who came into the Catholic Church from the Montanists (canon 8), but not upon those from the Novatians or Quartodecimans (canon 7). Thus the West universally accepted the teach- ing of Stephen that where baptism was admin- istered In the name of the Trinity it is valid, while the Kast qualified it by insisting that the person baptizing must be orthodox as to the Trinity, otherwise the baptism was invalid. The present teaching of Roman Catholics and Protes- tants is that of Pope Stephen; while in the Orthodox Confession of the Greek Church direct mention is made of the necessity of an orthodox interpretation of the formula, and the same is implied in the Longer Catechism of the Easterti Church. HEREWARB, hgr'e-werd. An English out- law who has passed into legend as the last champion of Saxon England against the Normans. He was a native of Lincolnshire, and appears in Domesday as the owner of lands in a number of places in that shire. In 1070 Hereward headed a revolt among the inhabitants of Peterborough and with the aid of a Danish fleet burned the town and iilundered the abbey. He then re- treated to the Isle of Ely, among the fens, where for more than a year he held out against the Xormans. Here he was joined by a number of Saxon leaders, among them Jlorkere the former Earl of ]Iercia. He was finally driven from his refuge by William the Conqueror. Here- ward's subsequent career is unknown, but it would seem that he made his peace with the King, who employed him in his wars in Normandy. The surname of Wake or Watchful dates from a much later period. Charles Kingsley has de- picted Hereward as "the last of the English" in his novel, Ifrrcward the Wake. HERFORD. hPr'fOrt.- A town in the Prov- ince of Westphalia. Prussia, situated on the Werre, 10 miles from Bielefeld (Jfap: Prussia. C 2). It is a town of great antiquity and contains an old Miinsterkirche begun in the twelfth cen- tury, another chureh dating from the thirteenth centurv'. a g inasium founded in 1540, and a theatre. The chief manufactures of the town are linen, clothing, chocolate, and confectionery, cigars, tobacco, furniture, etc. The trade is important. Herford is supposed to owe its origin to the convent foiiiidcil in 822. whose abbess en- joved a princch- rank. The convent was abol- ished in 1803. ■ Population, in 1800, 10,255; in 1000, 25,100. mostly Protestants. HER'FORD. Charles Harold (1853—). An English scholar born at Manchester, and edu-