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* HEEACLEOPOLIS. 789 HEBACLIUS. the Bahr YClsuf. Consult Navillc, Ahnas cl Mcdineh, Egj'ptian Exploration Fund, vol. xi. (London, IS'Jl). HEB'ACXES. See Hercules. HERACLEUM, her'a-kle'um. See Cow-Pabs- HER'ACLI'AN (a.d. ?-413). A Roman gen- eral. At tht^ instance of the Emperor Honorius, lie put Stiliclio to deatli (a.o. 40S),and received the Government of Africa as his reward. Aftei; supporting the Eniijeror during the invasion of Alarie and the usurpation of Attalus, whom Alaric had made Enij)eror, Heraclian revolted and invaded Italy. His enterprise failed, however, and on his return to Carthage he was put to death by order of Honorius. HERACLID.aj, her'i-kli'de (Lat., from Gk. 'llpaOiWiai ^ Ih'raklridal, descendants of Hercules, from 'Hpa^A//c, //r;«fc/cs, Hercules) . (1) The name is applied specifically to those legendary descend- ants who were said to have led the Dorians in the conquest of the Peloponnesus. The legend told of an unsuccessful attempt hy Hyllus, son of Heracles, to recover the inheritance from which Eurystheus had driven him, and then, 100 years later, of the successful invasion, led by his great-grandsons Temenus, Cresphontes, and Aris- todemus. sons of Aristom'achus. They defeated Tisamenus, son of Orestes and grandson of Agamemnon, and gained possession of the Pelo- ponnesus. Argos fell to Temenus; Laceda?mon to Procles and Eurystheus, the sons of Aristo- demus ; Mcssenia to Cresphontes ; Elis to the -Etolian Oxylus; Arcadia alone remained undis- turbed. This story of the return of the Heracli- doe seems to owe its development to the epic, rather than to popular tradition, and is an at- tempt to explain the change from the conditions of the Homeric poems to those of the period after the Dorian conquest. The poems of Tyrtieus show its general acceptance in Sparta about B.C. 6.50. It is the later legendary account of the Dorian conquest, which from its nature must in reality have been a much more obstinate and pro- tracted struggle. Consult the histories of Greece by Thirhvall, Grote (older views). Holm, and Busolt, and especially Meyer, Geschichte des Altertums. ii. (Stuttgart, 1893). (2) A tragedv by Euripides, brought out about B.C. 420. It tells of the persecution of the sons of the dead Heracles by Eurystheus and their reception and protection by Athens. The children of Heracles, under the leadership of lolaus, come to Marathon, and the Athenians gain a victory over the Argives through the voluntary sacrifice of Macaria. daughter of Heracles. Eurystheus is taken prisoner and surrendered to .Alcmene, who demands his death. The play was meant to rep- resent to Sparta how unnatural her contemplated alliance with Argos during the Peloponnesian War would lie. and was directed against the Ar- give party in Alliens. HEB'ACLI'DES PONTICTTS (Lat., from Gk. 'HpaKe/57)s, UCrakleidCs, and Pontus) . A Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., born at Heraclea in Pontus. At Athens he became a disciplp of Plato, whom he represented during the iatter's absence in Sicily. Later, however, he at- tached himself to Aristotle. His numerous writ- ings covered many fields, including philosophy, arammar, music, physics, rhetoric, political and iiterarj- history, and geography. Critical and phil- osophical ability were apparently not possessed l)y him in a liig'n degree, for liis philosophical works were early neglected. His biographical and grammatical treatises, however, enjoyed a long popularity. Diogenes Laertius praises his style, while Cicero blames him for his fondness for n.arvelous tales. The extracts, On Constitutions, which bear the name of llcraelides, are only a poor compilation from Aristotle's Politics, and sliould be attributed to Heradides Lembos (sec- ond century a.d.). This work was edited by Schneidewin ( (Jilttingen, 1S47), and by Kaibel and Wilamowitz, as an appendix to their edition of Aristotle's Vonstitiition of Athens (Berlin, 1898). The fragments of Heraclides's writings were collected by Miillcr, Fragincnta Historico- rum Grcecorum, vol. ii. (Paris, 1848). Consult: Voss, De Heraclidis Pontici Vita ct ^criptis (Leipzig, 1896) ; and Schmidt, De UeraclidcB Pontici et Dicrcarchi Messciiii Dialogis Dcpcrdi- tis (Breslau, 1867). HER'ACLITUS ( Lat, from Gk. 'HpaKXeiros, lltniLlcitos) . A Greek philosopher who nour- ished about B.C. 500, born at Ephesus in Asia Minor. From the obscurity of his writings he was nicknamed 'The Dark' (6 (rKOTeii^isK Only one work, that On Nature, can be attributed to him. Of this, numerous fragments are prcser'ed by later writers. Heraclitus's philosophy was a development of the Ionic doctrine under the in- fluence of Xenophanes. The principle of all things according to him was fire, a self-deter- mined ether, which by condensation and rarefac- tion creates the phenomena of the sensible world. To the 'being' of his predecessors he added the principle of 'becoming.' He held that all things are in constant flux, and that the appearance of stability is due to the uniformity of motion. His philosophy had a strong influence on later think- ers ; Zeno recalled it, and Stoicism was based on its teaching. The fragments of his work are to be found in Mullach, Fraymenta Philosophorum Grwcorum, vol. i. (Paris, I860) ; Ritter and Prel- ler. Historia Philosophiw GrcBcw (7th ed., Gotha, 1888). Consult: ZeWer, Philosophie der Gricchen (5th ed., vol. i., Leipzig, 1892); Patrick, The Fragments of the Work of HeracUtus (Baltimore, 1889). HERACLIUS, hgr-A-kli'us (c.575-641). By- zantine Emperor from 010 to 641. He was a native of Cappadocia and belonged to a distin- guished family, his father having been Exarch of Africa. In 610, when the tyranny of the Em- peror Phocas had become unbearable, and the mother and bride to be of Heraclius himself were imprisoned, he equipped a fleet in Africa, and ap- peared before Const;infinople. The citizens rose in rebellion, Phocas was beheaded, and Heraclius became Emperor in his stead. The condition of the Byzantine Empire at this time was deplor- able. Years elapsed before Heraclius could put forth any vigorous efl'orts for its reorganization. In 619 the Avars plundered the country to the gates of Constantinople and carried off an im- mense number of captives. In the East, the con- quests of the Persians threatened the very exist- ence of the Empire. .Terusalem was stormed by the generals of Khosru in 615 and Egypt was overrun in the following year. The stopping of the export of corn from Eg>'pt to Constantinople caused a severe famine in the capital. The Em- peror, however, was meanwhile disciplining and