Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/844

* HENRY ESMOND. 780 HENRYSON. HENRY ES'MOND. A novel by Thackeray, published in 1852, and one of the finest historical romances in English. The scene is laid in Eng- land in the reign of Queen Anne. The hero is a young colonel in the army, at first deeply in love vith the beautiful daughter of his guardian, but finally married to her mother, the widowed Lady Castlewood. See Esmond, Be.4.trix; and Castle- wood, Lord and Lady. HENRY OF BLOIS, blwa (e.l 102-71 ). An English prelate, son of Stephen, Count of Blois, and brother of Theobald, Count of Blois and Champagne, and of King Stephen. He was brought up at Chigny; came to England in 1126, and, three years later, received the see of Win- chester. After t^e death of Henry I. he did all in his power to gain the crown for Ste'phen, and at the coronation pledged his word that the lib- erty of the Church would be kept intact. Henry failed in his candidacy for the see of Canterbury (1136-38), but in 1139 he was appointed Papa'l legate. As such he' opposed the imprisonment of the Bishops of Salisbury and Ely, and, at the Council of Winchester, charged Stephen with sacrilege. In the quarrel between the King and Matilda, he gradually went over to the side of the latter and swore allegiance to her in 1141. But he quarreled with her soon after, and was rescued from her besieging army by the forces of Stephen. In 1143. Pope Innocent II. having died, the commission of Henry expired, Theobald was appointed as his successor, and Henry's power at Rome was over. Five years later he was sus- pended because of his advice to Stephen that Theobald should not be allowed to attend a Papal council at Rheinis. Toward the close of the civil war all Henry's energies were bent on the hastening of peace. He assisted at the coro- nation of Henry II., but was afterwards under the King's displeasure because of his leaving Eng- land without the royal consent (1155). Henry did not fall in with Thomas Becket's policy, and defended the King in 11G6 and 1167. He' died soon after the death of the Archbishop, for which he bitterly condemned the King. HENRY OF HUNT'INGDON (e.l084I155). An Englisli liistorian. the son of Xiciiolas. a churchman, who was possibly Archdeacon of Hunt- ingdon. He spent his early years at Lincoln in the home of Bishop Roliert Bloet, where Albinus of Angers was his teacher. In 1100 or 1110 he was made Archdeacon of Huntingdon. In 1139 he went to Rome and met Robert de Jlonte. wlio made him acquainted with the Historia Brito- num by C4eofl'rey of ilonmouth. This and a re- quest of Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, prompted him to write his Historia Anglorum, which, in the last edition, came down to 1154. This work is a mere compilation, with occasional touches of pure imagination, for the period to 1127, where the author's personal knowledge begins. The following works are also ascribed to Henry: Epigrammata Lihri Till., of which two books are extant, and one is printed in Wright's Anglo- Latin Satirical Poets and Epiqrammatists of the Twelfth Century (in the Rolls Series, 1872); De Amore; De Herbis ; De Aromaiihtts; and De Lege Domini. The history is reprinted from Sa- vile, Scriptores post Bedam (1596); In Migne, Patrologia, vol. cxcv. (1854), and translated by Forester (1853). For his biography, consult Liebermann (Gottingen, 1878). HENRY OF LAUSANNE, liVziin'. See Henriciax.s. HENRY II. OF TRASTAMARE, tni'sta- m-i'ra (?-1379). King of Castile, 1306-67 and 1369-79. He was the oldest son of King Alfonso XL of Castile by his mistress. Leonora de Guz- man. Alfonso gave him the County of Trasta- niare; but when, in 1350, Peter the Cruel, Henry's- half-brother, ascended the throne, Bona Leonora was imprisoned and soon after murdered, while her sons had to flee for their lives. Peter the Cruel continued in his career of assassination until, in 1356, the nobles began a revolt mider the leadership of Don Juan de Albuquerque and Ihe illegitimate children of Alfonso. The re- bellion was soon suppressed'; Henry escaped, while most of the others were executed. In 1360 the Peace of Bretigny between England and France set free bands of marauders who united under the name of Free Companies. Charles v., King of France, in order to rid his country of them, sent them, in 1363, under the leadership of the great general Du Bertrand Guesclin iigainst Peter the Cruel, who was aided by the English under the Black Prince. In 1306 Henry of Trastamare entered Castile, and was crowned as Henry II., and Peter fled to the Black Prince at Bordeaux. By the Treaty of Libourne (April 3, 1300) the English agreed to use their utmost efforts to restore Peter in return for the Lord- ship of Biscay. They fulfilled their promise, and the Black Prince won the decisive battle of Najera on April 3, 1367, and Henry again became a fugitive. But the departure of the English left Peter defenseless, and in 1369 Henry returned, and was welcomed by IMadrid and other cities as far south as Cordova. Peter tried lo bribe Du Guesclin to help him to escape, but (he latter betrayed him to Henry, who put him to death. The crown was now claimed by Ferdi- nand of Portugal, and somewhat later by John of Gaunt, who, in 1371, had married Constance, a daughter of Peter the Cruel. But Henry was able to overcome, with Frencli assistance, all attacks, and developed into a good and liberal ruler. Consult Burke, History of Spain, vol. i. (London, 1895). HEN'RYSON, Robert (c.l4.30-c.l500). A Scottish poet. He seems to have been educated abroad, as his name does not appear in the regis- ters of the LIniversity of Saint Andrews, the only one existing in Scotland in his youth. When he was admitted, in 1402, to the newly founded University of Glasgow, he was called 'the vener- able Master Robert Henrysone, Licentiate in Arts and Bachelor in Decrees.' He probably took or- ders, and was schoolmaster and notary public at Dunfermline. Henryson, who had the finest po- etic talents of all the followers of Chaucer, wrote a sequel to Troilus and Cressida entitled the Testament of Cressida. He resumes the story M'here Chaucer leaves off, and completes it by inflicting a suitable punishment on the false Cressida. This continuation displays so much skill that it was included in the earlier editions of Chaucer, as if it had been the work of that poet himself. Another poem, "Robene and Makyne," though short, is remarkable as the first known specimen of pastoral poetry in the Scottish language. Henryson wrote several beau- tiful lyrics, and made a metrical translation of .Esop, adding morals of his own suitable to his time. In these fables he displays admirable sense i