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* HENRY VIII. 77 passed over in silence or tried to explain somn of the controverted points. In the same year the Bible was translated with royal sanction, though Henry apparently took no great interest in it. The new movement was sure to grow. Its in- tellectual leader was Cranmcr, who was himself under the influence of Ridley. Cranmer and Ridley were slowly changing their views in the direction of Protestantism. Cromwell also fa- vored Protestantism, for political reasons. In 153S there was much smashing of images and spoliation of tombs, imtil Henry took alarm. In 1539 he issued, with the consent of Parlia- ment, the reactionary Six Articles, affirming the principal controverted Catholic dogmas. Eng- lishmen found it as dangerous to be too Protes- tant as too Catholic, and the discreet conformed to Henry's somewhat shifting views. In 1544 Cranmer wrote his celebrated Litany, and or- dered certain parts of the service to be said in English ; but further changes were cut short by Henry's death. In the meantime Cromwell had come to grief through his arrangement of the marriage of Heniy to Anne of Cleves, in order to form a con- nection with the Protestant princes of Germany. When Anne reached England she was found to be far from handsome, and Henry's resentment was great. This is supposed to be the real reason for Cromwell's disgrace and execution, July 28, 1540, though Henry may have grown tired of Cromwell as he grew tired of every one else. On the day of Cromwell's execution Henry mar- ried Catharine Howard, Anne having been di- vorced shortly before; but she was soon found to have been unfaithful both before and after her marriage, and was beheaded. In 1543 Henry married his sixth wife, Catharine Parr, who sur- vived liim. In Henry's last years his attention was again occupied with foreign enterprises. He tried to establish his authority in Ireland by winning over the native chiefs, stripping the Irish mon- asteries for their benefit. From 1542 to 1546 he was at war with Scotland and France. The Scots were defeated at Sol way ^Moss in 1542, and .Tames V. died soon after. Heniy took J Boulogne in 1544. and made peace two years later. He died January 28. 1547. By act of Parliament, in 1544. the succession had been given to his three children. Edward, Jlary, and Eliza- beth, the offspring respeclively of .Tane Seymour, Catharine of Aragon, and Anne Bolcyn, who succeeded in this order and died without issue. Consult: Calendar of Htitte Papers, Foreifjn and Domestic, of the Reiqn of Henry Till., edited by Brewer and Gairdner (14 vols., London, 1862-95) ; State Papers Durinq the Reign of Henry Till. (11 vols., London, 18.32-52) : Parliamenlary History (36 vols., London, 1806-201 ; Giustiniani's Venetian dis- patches, published in translation by Rawdon Brown under the title Four Years at the Court of Henry Mil.: Pocock, Nicholas, Records of the Reformation and the Divorce (2 vols., Oxford, 1870) ; Original Letters ReUitire to the English Reformation, edited bv Robinson for the Parker Society (2 vols., Cambridge, 1846) ; Ellis, Orig- inal Letters (first series, 3 vols., London, 1824; second series. 4 vols., Londoli. 1827: third series, 4 vols., London, 1846) ; Brewer, History of the Reign of Henry Vlll. from His Accession to the Death of Wolsey (2 vols., L(mdon, 1884) ; Dixon, 3 HENRY II. History of the Church of Englaml from the Abo- lition of the Roman .J arisdiction (4 vols., Lim- don, 1884-91) ; Lingard, History of England (10 vols., London, 1854-55), vols, iv., v.; Froude, His- tory of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Death of Elizabeth, vols, i.-iv. ( 12 vols., New York, 1870); id., The Divorce of Catherine of Aragon (New York, 1891); Green, History of the English People (4 vols.. New York, 1879), and his tihort History (I-ondon and New York, 1894). Two convenient collections of the princi- pal documents are: Gee and Hardy, Documents lllu.'itratiKe of English Church History (London and New Y'ork, 1896), and Adams and Stephens, Select Documents of English Constitutional His- tory (New York, 1901). HENRY I. (c.1008-60). King of France from 1031 to 10(30. He was the son of Robert I., and a grandson of Hugh Capet. The first years of his reign were disturbed by a rebellion headed by his mother. Constance of Toulouse, who, however, submitted in 1033. In the disorders which followed the deat) of Robert the Devil, Duke of Normandy, in 1035, Henry assisted William the Bastard, the illegitimate .son and successor of Robert, in establishing his authority over the rebellious Norman nobles, participating in the battle of Val-fesdunes in 1047. Subse- quently Henry grew jealous of the power of the Norman Duke. Leaguing himself with the Count of Anjou, and calling his brother Eudes into the field, he invaded Normandy from Evreux in 1054. When, however, Eudes had been defeated at Mortemer, Henry drew back in haste and left the Normans to themselves. In 1055 he caused his eldest son, Philip, to be crowned as joint King. Henrj- died in 1060. He was an active prince, who spent a large part of his time in the field, upholding the royal authority against the feudal nobles. His first wife, Mathilda, niece of Henry III. of Germany, died childless; his second wife, Anne, daughter of Jaroslaflf, Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, bore him three sons — Philip, his successor; Robert, who died in childhood: and Hugh, Count of Vermandois. Consult Soehnee, Etude sur la vie et le rcgne de Henri I. (Paris, 1891). HENRY II. ( 1519-59) . King of France from 1547 to 1559. He was born jMarch 31, 1519. being the second of three sons of Francis I. by his first wife, Claude. From 1526 to 1520 Prince Henry was a hostage in Spain, together with his brother, the Dauphin Francis. In 1533 he married Catharine de' Medici and in 1536 the death of the Dauphin Francis made him the heir apparent to the throne. The same year he became the lover of the celebrated Diane of Poitiers, a woman several years his senior. l)ut of attractive mind and strong will. In 1547 Henry succeeded his father, Francis I., and at once submitted himself to the influence of his mistress and of Anne de jNIontmorency, Constable of France, though the Guises also enjoyed a large share of the royal favor. A revolt in Guiennc. where the people had risen against the gaheleurs. or col- lectors of the salt duty, was speedily put down by Montmorency. In 1550 Boulogne, which had been taken by the English during the wars of Henry VITL, was recovered by the French, and in a second war. which began in 1557. the Eng- lish lost Calais and Guines, their last possessions in France (1558). Though a strong Catholic