Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/825

* HENNIGES VON TREFFENFELD. rei HENRICI. HENNIGES VON TREFFENFELD, Ii^'dJ- ges fou tivt'ltn-iolt. Joachim (f.l(i:id-SS). A Brandenburg geiioral. He especially distinguished himself iu Alsace (1074); was the first to be ennobled by the Elector of Brandenburg; and in 1679 was promoted to the rank of general for his defeat of the Swedish Arm}- near Tilsit. For his biography, consult: Kessel (Steudal, 1863), and Bussler "(Gotha, 1897). HEN'NINGSEN, Ciiables Fredebick (1815- 77). An English soldier of fortune and man of letters. In 1834 he took service in the Russian Army. He joined Kossuth in the Hungarian re- volt, came to the United States, and fought with Walker in Nicaragua. At the outbreak of the Civil War he entered the Confederate Army as a colonel. He was promoted to be brigadier-gen- eral, and directed the manufacture of the first Minie rifles made in this country. He was the author of Revelations of Russia (1845); The Past and Future of Hungary (1852) ; and sev- eral other works, published chiefly in England. HENOCH, ha'nfiG, Eduabd Heinrich (1820 — ). A German physician, bom and educated at Berlin, where he became privat-docent in 1850 and professor eight years later. Associated with Romberg at the Polyclinic, he edited that physi- cian's Klinische Ergcbnissc (1846). In 1872 he became director of the clinic for children's dis- eases in the Royal Charite. and retired in 1893. He wrote: Klinik der Unterleibskrankheiten (3d ed. I8G3) ; Beitrijge ::ur Kinderheilkunde (1861- 68) ; and the well-known Torlesungen iiher Kin- derkrankheiten ( 10th ed. 1899). HEN'OTHEISM (from Gk. efs. heis, one + 6(6s, Ihcos, god). A term used to denote a ten- dency of the Vedic poets to attribute to a deity especially lauded at a given time the attributes of any other god or of the whole body of gods. This tendency is doubtless more apparent than real. It was but natural that in a hymn to Indra or to Agni the thought of the bard should be focused on the deity in question so that special honors and powers should be assigned him, whichever god he might be. Again, as the religion of the Vedic period was preeminently a nature- worship, it is probable that the changes of the seasons led to the apparent exaltation of certain divinities at one time of the year, and to their apparent dethronement at another time. In this w,ay the so-called henotheism with regard to the various aspects of the sun-god (Surya) and of the storm-god (Indra) receives at least a partial solution. There was consequently no constant lord of the Vedic pantheon until the rise of the philosophical speculations which characterized the close of the Vedic age. It must also be borne in mind that expressions of laudation, which, taken by themselves, seem exaggerated, are al- most invariably checked by the context in the Veda. The origin of henotheism is based on the syncreti-stic trend of the Hindu mind. It is note- worthy that it is the later deities especially who are treated henotheistically, and herein lies the key to the problem. The Vedic poets, long before the Rig Veda had been completed, rising in their religious concepts from a low stage of nature- worship and creniatheism. or worship of material objects, especially useful ones, identified each and every god. and at a later age all living creatures and all things, with the .^11-Sonl (called Atman, Brahma, etc.). Each god being therefore a phase of the supreme deity, and not a distinct divinity, might receive as the temporary repre- sentative of the All-Soul precisely the same at- tributes as any other god, controlled, however, by the traditional views held by the priests or the people concerning him. The same religious phenomenon occurs else- where, as in the philosophical aspects of Greek religion. The term is sometimes used to denote the conception of a special god for each nation or tribe. Nowhere else, however, does lienothe- ism become a distinctive trait of the faith as it did in India. After the close of the RigVedic jieriod it practically vanishes, since by that time the esoteric imitarianisiu on which it was based had permeated the entire body of the religious and philosophical thought of India. As a term henotheism is scarcely a fortunate one, and many scholars prefer to call the religious impulse syncretism instead. Consult Hopkins, "Henothe- ism in the Rig-Veda," in Classical Studies in Honor of Henry Drisler (New York, 1894). HEN'RI, RoBEET (1865—). An American landscape and portrait painter, born in Phila- delphia, Pa. He studied in his native city, and for several years was a teacher in the Philadelphia School of Design. His pictures have been re- ceived at both Salons, and his "Snow" (1899) is in the Luxembourg. While in Paris he estab- lished a studio at which several of the 'Glasgow School' received valuable instruction. His land- scapes are broadly painted and vigorous. Espe- cially noticeable are the cloud eflfects in such pictures as "A Sudden Shower," and "Cumulus Clouds, East River." His "Figure of a Girl" (1902) is a strong and individual example of his skill as a portraitist. ^ENRI III. ET SA COTJR, ilN're' trwii ft sft koiJr ( Fr., Henry III. and his Court). A prose drama by the elder Dumas, produced February II, 1829. With it he was supposed to found the Romantic School of the drama ; but he denies this in the preface of the play, giving that honor to Hugo, Merimee, Vitet, and others. HENRIADE, aN're-4d', La. An epic poem of ten cantos in Alexandrine couplets, by Voltaire, begun during his confinement in the B.astille in 1717, and first printed at Rouen in the winter of 1722-23 under the title Poeme de la Ligue. During the author's English exile (1726-29) he published the Henriade by subscription (1728) with a dedication to Queen Caroline, "not only as the protectress of arts and sciences, but as the best judge of them." A number of editions followed in England, Holland, and France, where the work, in spite of its political theories and attacks on religion, was generally admired. The poem, by picturing religious wars, sought to inspire a hatred of fanaticism and in- tolerance. It lacks sentiment and poetic imagi- nation, but is important on historical and philo- sophical grounds. HENRICI, hen-re'tsf. Christian Friedkich (1700-64). A German poet (also called 'Pican- der'), born at Stolpen. near Dresden, and edu- cated at Wittenberg and Leipzig. His ability as a poet, it seems, won him first a place in the Postal Department, and then an ofiice as an ex- cise and tax collector. His poetr>' includes the Ernstschcrthaftc und snti/rische Oedichfr (1727- 37) ; the Sammlung rermiscliter (ledirhtril'SS) : and the Teutsche Schauspiele (1726), which are