Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/800

* HELLENICA. 740 HELL GATE. tion momentous events, and the prejudice of the author. HELLENIC STUDIES, Society for the Projiotio.n ok. An Kujjhsh society, organized in 1879 for the advancement of the study of the Greek hvnguage, literature, and art, and for the perpetuation of the liistor)' of the Greek raee in the ancient, the Byzantine, and the Neo-Hel- lenic periods. It has devoted itself to the col- lections of drawings, facsimiles, transcripts, plans, and photographs of Greek inscriptions, works of art,, ancient sites and remains, and to organizing means for the pursuit of archas- ological researches in countries which at any time have been the sites of Hellenic civilization. The society issues annually the Journal of Hel- lenic iStudies, which contains the results of the researches prosecuted under its auspices. It has members in every quarter of the globe. Among those who were active in the work of organ- ization were: J. S. Blackie. Sidnev Colvin, J. P. Mahaflfy, A. H. Sayce, Sir Richard .Jebb, Sir John Lubbock, and Hon. A. J. Balfour. The society has about 880 members, including for- eign members in every quarter of the globe. The annual meeting of the society takes place in June. HELLENIST (Gk. 'EWrj^trTiis, Hellenist cs, one who speaks Greek, from 'EXX?;i'/s'ei>', Hel- ISnixein, to speak or make Greek, from 'EXXtji', Hellen, Greek, from 'EXXds, Hellas, Greece). In biblical and .Jewish history, a Jew distinguished by the adoption or aiTectation of Greek thought, manner, or language. The word is found in the Bible only in Acts vi. 1; ix. 29; xi. 20 (cf. the Revised Version, margin), and in the last two of these passages the Code.x Alexandrinus reads not Hellenist, but Greek (Hellen). The latter term occurs rather frequently in the Greek ver- sion, chiefly in the Books of the Macca- bees, the writings of Paul, and the Acts. There is little reference to the Greeks in Jewish literature prior to the time of Alexander the Great and his successors. Indeed, apart from the Wisdom of Solomon and Fourth JIaccabees in the Greek Old Testament, and in the Epistle to the Hebrews, the Fourth Gospel. Second Peter, and to a lesser degree in Paul, in the Xew Testament. Greek thought did not essentially affect Judaism or primitive Christianity. The tone of the Bible is overwhelmingly Jewish, not Greek. Hellenism, which before the Maccabean revolt (c.150 i!.c. ) had stood to the Jew for what is characteristic of Greek culture., stands after that time also for what is anti-.Tewish, Gentile, heathen. As the Greeks had divided the world into Greeks and barbarians, so now the Jews divided the world into Jews and Greeks. The term Greek (Hellen) came to be used by the Jew not only specifically of Greeks as opposed to other nations (II. Mac. xi. 2; Rom. i. 16), but also generally of 'foreigners' ( II. Mac. xi. 24; Gal. 'ii. 3); "while Hellenist (Hellenistes) seems to refer now to Greek-speaking .Jews (Acts vi. 1; ix. 29), now to Greeks as such in con- trast with Jews (Acts xi. 19, 20, Codex Vati- canus). The reading of the Codex Alexandrinus in ix. 29 and xi. 20 is Greel-s_. not Hellenists — a reading which suggests that the terms are in- terchangeable, the context alone determining the nationality. Indeed, Helh'n, in the Fourth Gos- pel, may, like Hellenist in Acts vi. 1, ix. 29, re- fer not to Greeks as such, but to Greek-speaking Jews. See Jews ; and for the Hellenistic Greek dialect, see Bible. HELLER, hel'ler, Karl Bartuolomaus (1824-80). An Austrian naturalist, born at MysliboHtz, ^Moravia, and long professor in the Theresianum at Vienna. He is best known for his attempt to classify the fauna of Central America in his Seisen in Mexiko in den Jaliren lSi5-',S (1853). HELLER, Stephen (1814-88). An Hungari- an comjiuser and pianist, born in Budapest. When only nine he performed so successfully in public that he was sent to Vienna to con- tinue his studies. In 1827 he plaj-ed in Vienna, and in 1820 began a concert tour through Eu- rope with his father. At Augsburg the young pianist fell ill, and was adopted by a wealthy family, with whom he lived until 1838. He had meanwhile continued his musical studies, and upon going to Paris became an intimate friend of Chopin, Liszt, and Berlioz. A.s a pianist. Heller now became well known, but his compo- sitions gained favor more slowly. They are characterized b}' a fresh, natural beauty, forceful treatment of themes, and exquisite melody. In the originality of his themes Heller far out- ranks ilendelssohn, with w-hom, however, he has much in common. His studies for the pianoforte are among the very best, and are in universal use. With the exception of two visits to Lon- don, Heller lived in Paris from the time of hia first journey there in 1838 to his death. For his Life, consult Barbadette (Paris, 1876; Eng. trans. 1877). HEL'LESPONT. See Dardanelles. HELLEU, a'le', Paul (1859—). A French dry-point artist, born at Vannes. He studied painting at the Ecole des Beaux-Arts, but be- came interested in dry point through James Tis- sot. who gave him his first instruction. He made this art his special study, and achieved a reputa- tion for his poetical etchings, particularly his portraits of women and children. He works very quickly ; often his plates have but a few lines, and there is an effect of improvisation about them that is characteristic and charming. Hel- leu is well known in the United States through special exhibitions. HELLEVOETSLUIS, hel'le-voSt-slois'. A fortified seaport of the Netherlands, situated on the southern coast of Voorne in the Province of South Holland (Map: Netherlands, C 3). It has a good harl)or. an arsenal, shipyards, a naval school, and large artillery stores. Population, in 1900, 4299. Hellevoetsluis is noted as the place where William of Orange embarked for England in November, 1688. HELL-FIRE CLUBS. The name given to certain associations in England, Ireland, and Scotland, formed of profligate persons of both sexes, which came into existence in the early part of the eighteenth century. Several were suppressed by royal proclamation in 1721. HELL GATE. A passage, called by the Dutch settlers of New York Helle Gat. being that part of the East River between Long Island and Manhattan Island, also between Long Island and Ward's Island, and between Ward's Island and Manhattan Island. The reefs of rock in the main passage, some of which were islands at low