Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/791

HELDER. place there in 1673 between the united fleets of England and France, on one side, and the Dutch, on the other. The latter, led by Tromp and De Ruyter, were victorious. The fortifications of the town were begun in 1811 by Napoleon, and completed afterwards by the Dutch.  HELE,, (1480-1542). A German clockmaker of Nuremberg, who is credited with having made the first pocket timepiece, about 1511. His name is also spelled ‘Hell’ and ‘Henlein.’  HEL′EN (Lat., from Gk. ). The daughter of Zeus and (q.v.), wife of Tyndareus, King of Sparta, or, according to the epic poem Cypria, of Zeus and Nemesis, whom the god pursued in the form of a swan. Nemesis brought forth an egg, which was found by Leda, who on the birth of Helen reared her as her foster-child. According to the ancient legend she was so exceedingly beautiful that at the age of ten she was carried off by Theseus and Pirithous, but was recovered subsequently by her brothers, Castor and Pollux. Tyndareus afterwards engaged her suitors, who numbered about thirty, in a solemn oath to unite together to aid the husband whom Helen should choose, in case of any attempts being again made to carry her off. In accordance with this oath, her husband, Menelaus, when she was afterwards carried off by Paris, son of Priam, King of Troy, summoned all the princes of Greece to avenge the injury he had sustained, and thus gave rise to the Trojan War. The ordinary legend states that after the death of Paris she voluntarily married his brother, Deïphobus, and that on the taking of Troy, in order to recover the favor of Menelaus, she betrayed Deïphobus into his hands. Another version told how she fled to the temple of Aphrodite, and was pursued with drawn sword by Menelaus, but such was the power of her beauty that he laid aside his thought of vengeance, and took her once more as his wife. Their voyage home was long, as they were driven to Egypt, but at last reached Sparta in safety, where the Odyssey shows them living in happiness. By her husband Menelaus she had one daughter, Hermione, but some writers said that by Theseus she was the mother of Iphigenia. Of her death also there were many versions. Her grave was shown at Therapne, near Sparta, where she and Menelaus were worshiped. On the other hand, the Rhodians told how she was driven out of Sparta after the death of Menelaus, and came to her friend, Polyxo, in Rhodes. Polyxo, however, had lost her husband in the Trojan War, and consequently forced Helen to hang herself. Hence she was worshiped at Rhodes in connection with this tree, as Helena . Another story told how she was translated by the gods to the Islands of the Blest, where she was wedded to Achilles. She received divine honors at many places, and was believed by the sailors to appear in the single flame of Saint Elmo's fire, which was regarded as a sign of disaster, while the double flame, or Castor and Pollux, was believed to insure safety. In art, scenes from the story of Helen are frequent, and represent almost all the episodes in her eventful life. It was a curious variation that Stesichorus introduced, in that he made Helen remain in Egypt, whither she had come with Paris on her way to Troy, detained by the King, who later restored her to her husband. Paris took to Troy only a phantom, for whom Greeks and Trojans fought. Much in the nature of the legends of Helen, and in the characteristics of her worship, seems to indicate that she was originally a moon-goddess, who has been superseded by Selene and Artemis, and thus transferred to the heroic legends. For a full collection of the ancient material relating to Helen, consult Engelmann's article in Roscher, Lexikon der griechischen und römischen Mythologie, vol. i. (Leipzig, 1886-90).  HELEN:. A novel by Maria Edgeworth, published in 1834. It was her last story, and, though not lacking in power, had not the success of her earlier work.  HELENA. A city and the county-seat of Phillips County, Ark., 82 miles south by west of Memphis, Tenn.; on the Mississippi River, and on the Arkansas Midland, the Saint Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern, and the Yazoo and Mississippi Valley railroads (Map:, E 3). It is an important shipping point for lumber, cotton, and cottonseed oil; and has lumber-mills, cotton-compresses, cottonseed-oil mills, foundries, etc. Here on July 4, 1863, General Holmes, commanding a Confederate force of 9000, attacked General Prentiss with a Union army of about 4500, but was repulsed with a loss in killed, wounded, and prisoners of one-fifth his number. Population, in 1890, 5189; in 1900, 5550.  HELENA. A city, the capital of Montana, and the county-seat of Lewis and Clarke County, 73 miles north by east of Butte; on the Great Northern and the Northern Pacific railroads (Map:, C 2). It lies at an elevation of 4200 feet, in Prickly Pear Valley, a fertile agricultural district, and is surrounded by a highly productive mineral region. It is the commercial centre of the State; is extensively engaged in gold, silver, and iron mining; and has foundries and machine-shops, flour, saw, and planing mills, quartz-crushing plants, and smelters. From the famous Last Chance Gulch which traverses the city, it is estimated that more than $30,000,000 worth of gold has been mined. Helena was settled as a mining camp in 1864, and laid out as a town in the same year, and was incorporated in 1881. The city is the seat of the Montana Wesleyan University (Methodist Episcopal), opened in 1890, and has public, State, and other libraries, and a United States Assay Office. The State Capitol is an imposing structure. Under the general code provision passed in 1895, the city government is vested in a mayor, elected biennially, and a unicameral council which confirms the executive's nominations to all subordinate offices except those of police magistrate and city treasurer, which are filled by popular election. Population, in 1890, 13,834; in 1900, 10,770.  HELENA (Lat., from Gk., Helenē). The name of several saints of the Catholic Church, the most celebrated of whom is the Empress Helena, wife of Constantius Chlorus, and mother of Constantine the Great. She was born probably in Dardania, about 248, became concubine to Constantius and bore him Constantine about 274, when she became his wife; but in 292 when he became Cæsar, Constantius divorced her so that he might marry another. In 306 Constantine succeeded his father and it is likely 