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* HEINE. 724 HEINECCIUS. he republished in French. But not a few of his letters to the German press, even his art critiques, fell under the censor's pencil. In 1833, however, liis acute critical study. Die romantische Schulc, established liis fame in France and opened to liim the great Revue des Deux Mondes, in which ,he printed liis History of Religion and Philosophy in Germuny since Luther, a work of brilliant suggestiveness, which afterwards appeared in Heine's own German version as Zur Gesehichie der Religion und Phi- losophie in Deutschland. The satiric Memoi- ren des Herrn von Hchnahelewopski, half auto- biographic, belong to this time. The scandal caused by his irregular life was checked by his "conscience-marriage" with Mathilde Mirat (1834). They were legally married in 1841, and remained closely attached till the poet's death. He had provided for her and she lived till 1883. Financial embarrassments now led Heine to seek a pension from the French Gov- ernment. Though lie had always criticised his patrons freely, the fact was bitterly remembered against him when it became known in 1848. From 1834 to 184'.J his literary work is com- paratively unimportant. A fragment of a novel, Florentinische Niichte, an essay on German myth- ology, and a slanderous attack on his fellow exile and journalistic critic Borne, may be mere- ly mentioned. But in 1842 he wrote Atta Troll (Hamburg, 1847), a brilliant poetic satire on German politicians and on the Romantic School, and in 1843 a brief visit to Germany evoked .A'e»e Gedichte and Deutschland. ein. Wintcr- m-iirchen (1844) keenly satiric, which became im- mensely popular. Disea.se now laid an unrelaxing hand on him. His eyes were affected, then his vocal cords, then his spine. The death of his patron, Salomon Heine, and the disgraceful meanness of bis heir added to his sxifferings. But these years of patiently bonie sufferings show Heine in a nobler light than any in which he had yet appeared. In sleepless nights he composed wonderful songs on his 'mattress-grave.' His legs were paralyzed ; to see he was obliged to hold up an eyelid with an emaciated finger; his hearing was weak. It was, he said, "a grave without rest, death without the privileges of the depart<>d." But it brought a deeper, al- most a spiritual earnestness into his life. He "returned to God like a Prodigal Son, after tending swine with the Hegelians." In this mood he wrote the poems of Romancero (1851), so tender, so melodious, so exquisite in fancy, that it seems almost past belief that they should have been the product of the sleepless nights of a bedridden sufferer; humorous pieces, like "The White Elephant," fierce political songs. like "The Weaver's Marseillaise," and the weird "Lazarus Cycle," written under the very shadow of death. Never had Heine been so many-sided as now. He continued to work as long as he could hear and speak. Many friends cheered him, among them, as poems testify, the talented Ca- niille Selden and his 'little fairy,' the motherly Caroline Jaubert. Two miscellaneous volumes, headed by Gestiindnisse. appeared in 1854. His Memoirs, of which some parts have been pub- lished, occupied him to the eve of his death. His last words were. "Paper and pencil." He died February 17. 1856, and was buried in Mont- martre Cemetery, without religious service. Heine was essentially a realist, a revolutionary reformer, but never a blinded partisan. He speaks for a restless, questioning, dissatisfied age that has lost for the moment its ethical moorings. He is the most delicate and graceful song-writer and incomparably the wittiest, clearest, and keenest satirist of Germany, and .so he is read with delight by an introspective and critical generation. Heine's Works appeared in twenty-one volumes (1861-63) and in twenty volumes ("l8(i5). They have been often reedited. Translations of the Poems by E. A. Bowring are in Bohn's library. There is an American translation of the Pictures of Travel and a version of the Works (incom- plete) by Leland. Wit, Wisdom, and Pathos of Heinrich Heine, by J. Snodgrass (London, 1888), is a collection of excerpts. The best English critique of Heine is in Matthew Arnold's Essays. There is an English Life, Work, and Opinions of Heinrich Heine, by atigand (London, 1876). The most complete German biography is by Strodt- niann (3d ed., Berlin, 1884). (insult also those by Prolss (Stuttgart, 1886) ; Karpeles (Berlin, 1888) ; also his Ueine. .Ihs scinem Lcben und aus seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1809). Keiter (Cologne. 1891), besides Brandes, Das jnnge Deutschland (Leipzig, 1890), and id.. Die hitteratur des 19. .fahrhunderts. vol. vi. (ib., 1891); Zetz, Heine in Frankreich (Zurich, 1895) ; Mietzki, Hein- rieh Heine als Dichter mid Menseh (Berlin, 1895) ; Nassen, Heinrich Heines Familienleben (Fulda, 1895) ; Kaufmann, Heines Liebesleben (Zurich, 1898) ; id., Heines Charakter (ih.,ldOl) ; Stcinmann, Heinrich Heine; Denkumrdigkeiten und ErUbnisse aus meinem Zusammenleben mit ihm (Prague, 1757) ; Hiiffer, Aus dem Leben Heinrich Heines (Berlin, 1878) ; Franzos, Heines Grburtstag (Berlin, 1900). HEINECCIUS, hl-nek'tsi-i.is, .Johann Gottlieb (1681-1741). A learned jurist of Germany, born at Eisenberg. He studied theolog>' at Ijcipzig, and law at Halle, where, in 1713, he was made pro- fessor of philosophy, and in 1720 professor of law. In the latter capacity he went, in 1723, to Franeker, and in 1727 to Frankfort on-the-Oder; but in 1733 returned, as professor of law and phi- losophy, to Halle, where he died August 31, 1741. His works display a thorough acquaintance with ail departments of jurisprudence, but especially with Roman and German law; and their varied learning, logical arrangement, and elegant Latin, long maintained for them a classical character. Wis Antiquitatum Jus Romanum Illustrantium Xiintiifima- was reedited as recently as 1841 by Miihlenbrueh, and his Elementa Juris Civilis se- cundum Ordinem Institutionuni (edited by Bie- ner, 1815) ; his Elementa Juris secundum Ordi- nem Pandeetarum. etc., are still studied by jurists. — Heineccius's son. Johann Christian GoTTLiEH HEINECCIUS, born 1718, at Halle, died 1791 at Sagan, was for a long time professor in the academy for young noblemen at Licgnitz, and edited, besides several of his father's works sepa- rately, a complete collection of them (H. Opera Omnia, 9 vols.. Geneva. 1771), and wrote an ac- count of his father's life and work. Commentarius de Vita et Scriptis J. O. Heineccii. — Heineccius's brother, Johann Michaei. Heineccihs. born at Eisenberg, 1674, died September 11, 1722, was a celebrated pulpit orator in Halle, and also the first who studied seals scientifically. His theo- logical writings are forgotten, but he is remem- bered by his De Veteribus Germanorum aliar-