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* HEFELE. 715 HEGEL. (1844) has been translated (London, 18G0). He died in Rottenburg June 5, 1893. HEF'FERNAN, JMb. Micii.vel. Tlie nom-de- piume wliicU .Samuel Ferguson signed to Father Uuiii uiid the Fopc, or a ^'ight at the Vatican. HEEFTER, lief'ter, August Wilhelm ( 1790- 18S0). A GeiTuan jurist, educated at lierlin and Leipzig. He was made professor at Bonn (1823), at Halle (1830), and at Berlin (1832). Krom 1849 he was a uiember of the First Chamber; in 1861 was appointed Crown Syndic and became as such life member of the Prussian Ujiper House. He wrote: Institutionen des rOmischen. und deutschen Civilprozesses (1825) ; Das europmsche olkerrecht der Gegenwart (8th ed. by GefTken, 1888) ; Lehrhiich dcs gemeinen dvutschvn Straf- rechts (6th ed. 1857) ; and Die Sonderrevhie der souceriiiien und mediatisicrlcit JJduscr Deutsch- lunds (1871) ; and, on current history, Der ge- genioiirtige G7-enzstreit zwisclien Stoats- und Kir- chengewalt (1839). HEFNEK-AI/TENECI^, hef'ner al'te-nek, Jakob Heixrioii vox ( 1 SI 1-1903). A Oermnn his- torian and art critic. He was liorn in Ascliatt'en- burg, and while still a child he lost the use of his right arm, but nevertheless became an excellent draughtsman. He made a specialty of the history of art, especially of the Middle Ages. He was made successively professor of designing (1835), con- servator of the art collection of Jhmich (1853), of the Royal Museum of Engravings (1863), and cniiservator-general of the art collections of Ba- varia and director of the National Museum ( 1808). His retirement in 1886 did not put a stop to his literary activity. The more important of his works are: Trachten, KunsticcrI.e vnd (Icriit- schaften votn friihen Mittelalter his Ende des 18. J u)i rhiinderts (2d ed. 1879-90) ; Hans Burgkmaicrs Turnierbuch (1854-56); Eisenwerke Oder Oriia- ineiitik der Schmiedekun&t des HilleluUern und der lienaissanee (1861-87); Originalentmiirfe deutseher Meister fiir Prachtriistmigen fran- ziisischer Konige (1865); Originaheiehnungen deutseher Meister des 10. Jnhrhunderts zu ausge- fiihrten Kunstwerken fiir Konige von Frankreich und Bpanien (1889);. Deutsche (ioblscJiiniede- icerke des 16. Jahrhunderts (1890) ; and Lebens- erinnerungen (1899). HEGAB, hiVgar, Fbiedrich (1841 — ). A Ger- man composer, born at Basel. He studied at the Leipzig Conservatory under several famous teach- ers, and in 1860 became leader of the Bilse Or- chestra at Warsaw. In 1863 he settled in ilurieh, where he became a well-known conductor, and in 1876 founded a school of music, lie composed some piano and violin music, but became best known for his male choruses and songs. His oratorio, "Manasse," was highly successful, and is a striking work. HEGEL, h.a'gcl, Geokg Wilhklm FprEDRicn (1770-1831). One of the greatest German phi- losophers. He was born August 27, 1770, at Stuttgart, and became in 1788 a student in the University of Tubingen, where his speculative abilities, however, were outshone by his younger companion, Schelling. who, together with lliiblcr- lin. exercised a creat intellectual influence on him. In the university he studied theology, pliilosophy, and natural science, and was interested in political events and theories. His diploma described him as having good parts, but did not mention him as Vol. IX —46. distinguished for his knowledge, philosophical or otherwise. After leaving the university in 1793, he was a private tutor at Bern and Frankforl-oii- the-Jlain for seven years, during which period he continued his studies in pliilosophy and theology, and wrote a Life of Jenun, which, however, was never published. In the beginning of 1801 he left Frankfort for Jena, where he [juldished his first ork, Ueber die Different drx Fichlcxehen und HeliellingscUen Systems der I'liilosopliie (1801), and entered the univen-ily as privat-docent. Next j'ear he joined Schelling, to who.se philoso- phy he' seems at this time to have adiiered, in the editorship of the Kritisehes Journal der I'liiloso- pliie. This alliance did not last long, and soon turned into philosophical antagonism. His lec- tures in Jena did not attract much notice, but it was at this place, while the din of the battle in 1806 was sounding through the town, that he completed his first important work, I'hunome- nologiedes Geistes (1807), which he used after- wards to call his voyage of discovery. Shortly before the battle he had been made i)rofessor ex- traordinarius of philosophy; but the disaster which the war brought u])on Jena compelled him to seek means of subsistence elsewhere, and he went, accordingly, at Niethamnier's request, to Bamberg, where he edited a political pa[)cr for a year or two. In 1808 he was appointed rector of the gymnasium at Nuremberg, and there he had just completed the first edition of his Wis- senschaft der Logik (1812-16), when he was called in 1816 to a professorship of philosophy in Heidelberg. There he published his Encyklopiidie der philosophisehen Wisseiiselififlen (1817), in which he first developed his complete system. In 1818, however, he was called to Fiehte's place in Berlin, and it was here that he first began to gather around him a new philosoi)liieal school. His lectures, which were delivered without rhetorical ornament, yet with an impressiveness due to the expression of laborious thought, at- tracted hearers from all ranks and professions. He rose to great political influence by reason of his defense of existing political institutions. Ihis defense subsequently led his critics to charge him with time-service; the charge, how- ever, does him a great injustice. In 1821 he pub- lished his Grundlinien der Philosophic des Hechts, in which he gave expression to his ethical and political views. He demands in that work, among other things, representation of the people, freedom of the press, publicity of judicial proceedings, trial by jury, the administrative in- dependence of corporations, and, above all, a monarch who shall "put the dot over the i." i.e. complete the constitution of the State. In the midst of an active life he was suddenly cut off by cholera, November l4, 1831. He was buried beside Fichte. A complete collection of his works was published in eighteen volumes (Berlin, 1832- 41), some of them compiled from notes taken by his students. Of his works translated into F.nglish may be mentioned: Philosophy of Mind (Oxford, 1894), and Login (ib., 2d ed. 1802). tramslated by Wallace, both of which are portions of the Enejiklopiidie ; Philosophy of Right, translated by Dvde (London, 1896) ; Philosophy of Religion, translated by Spiers and Sanderson (ib., 1895) : I'hilosnphii of History, translated bv Sibreener (ib.. 1857) ; History of Philosophy, translated by Haldane and Simpson (ib.. 18921 ; Hegel's Doctrine of Reflection, translated by W. T. Har-