Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/761

* HEAVEN. 701 HEAVES. imprisoned in the second heaven, and that in chapter x. the sinners among men are punished in the northern part of the third heaven. Sub- stantially the same conee])tin is found in the Ascension of Isaiah, the Apocalypses cif -Moses, Ezra, John. Isaac, Jacob, and the Acts of Cal- listratus. In view of these facts, it becomes probable that in the Pauline Epistles the heavens are also assumed to be seven in number. Thu3 paradise is in the third heaven in II. Cor. xii. 2, 3, as in Slavonic Enoch viii. : in Eph. vi. 12 there are spiritual hosts of wickedness in the heavens: in Col. i. 20 the kings in heaven as well as on earth have to be reconciled to God; in Heb. iv. 14 the great high priest passes through the heavens. The Jewish apocalyptic sketch in Eev. xii. describes a war in heaven, between Michael and his angels and Satan and his angels. While ultimately the old Semitic doctrine of seven heavens and of battles and places of punish- ment in one of these heavens was suppressed in Christian thought, it continued in the religious systems of the Mandfeans (q.v. ) and in the Koran. As the storm-cloud was the celestial abode of Yahweh. Israel's god, so the translation of such heroes as Enoch and Elijah originally implied only that they were carried alive from earth to be with Him among the clouds. But as the conception of the Deity expanded. His heaven- ly dwelling-place began to occupy more fully the imagination. In the Ethiopie Enoch (see ExocH, Book of) and the Slavonic Enoch this antedilu- vian patriarch describes minutely the heavens through which he is permitted to pass. The hope awakened through the Persian doctrine of resur- rection, of a release from sheol, in the case of all Israelites or of the pious in th^ nation, offered the possibility either of a new life on earth or of a translation to heaven. In the recorded sayings of Jesus there is no description of heaven. His answer to the question of the Sadducees touch- ing the resurrection seems, however, to imply that He considered those who had been accounted worthy of being raised from the dead as living in heaven, being like angels, neither marrying nor being given in marriage (Luke xx. .33 sqq.). The dominant view in the early Church seems to have been that until the return of the Lord upon the clouds of heaven to raise the dead, those who had died were asleep, and that they would be suddenly aw.akened to be given their new bodies. after which they would reign with Him on earth for a thousand years before their final translation to heaven. But, largely under the influence of Greek thought, other conceptions prevailed. Tlie fate of the patriarchs, prophets, and pious men of the old dispensation naturally occupied much attention and led to the idea that they were de- tained in a pre])aratory abode which the fathers called limhiis pntruni. awaiting the advent of the Redeemer. The general belief of Christians has been that since the resurrection of Christ the just who are free from sin are admitted imme- diately after death into heaven, where their chief joy consists in the unclouded vision of God. But especially since the sixteenth century there have been many who have returned to the millennial views of a part of the early Church. ( See MitLEN- NIUM.) While Christians generally have main- tained that since the coming of Christ nn human being can be admitted into heaven without some identification with Him or His Church, through pcrsoruil faith, or the sacraments, it has been held by some that access to Heaven would not be de- nied to unbaptized infants, pagans, or others liaving had insutlicient (ii)portunities of embrac- ing the go.spel, while others have believed that all souls would vUlimately reach heaven. Con- sult: Snienu, AHteslumentliche Iteliyionsge- svhichie (Freiburg, 18!t!J) ; Holtzmann, Seutes- tumt-ntlichc Theologie (Freiburg, 1897) ; Morlill and Charles, Book of the Hecrels of Enoch (<Jx- ford, 18'JG) ; Atzberger, Christliche Eschntoloijie (Freiburg, 1890) ; Charles, Esctiatology (London, 1809). See EscnATOi-OGY; Immoktalitv. HEAVES (from AS. hrliljaii, Goth, hafjiin, OHti. hvffan, Ger. hebcii, to lift), or Broken Wind. A disease or unsoundness of the respira- tory organs of the horse, which, from the French ponsse, was termed by some of the old English writers on farriery pursincss. The nature of the malady is not well imderstood, though ditlicult expiration by a spasmodic! or extraordinary effort is characteristic. The air is inspired with ease. A broken-winded horse does not generally thrive, is lean, and has a dependent belly, the muscles of which are usually active as expiratory muscles. The characteristic symptoms aiv best observed when the horse is exercised. The breath- ing becomes very labored, the nostrils dilated, the eyes bloodshot, and even blue, an indication of imperfect blood purification. On watching the chest and flank, the ribs are observed very active- ly moved, and after collapsing, when the air is expelled from the huigs, are further depressed by a spasmodic jerk brought about by the abdominal muscles. A broken-winded horse has the hollow cough referred to by veterinarians as character- istic of unsoundness. When the animal is op- pressed by fast work, or by dragging a load up a hill, the pulse is excessively rapid, a symptom regarded b3' some as indicating disease of the heart, and bj' others an atTected diaphragm. In reality it is a dietetic disease, and is due to the irritation in the stomach caused by indigestible food, being reflected from the nerves of the stom- ach to those of the lungs. On post-mortem exam- ination the stomach is found to be much distend- ed with food of a dry nature, and to have Ihiuner walls than is normal. The lungs are lighter in color, and float much more buoyantly than in health; little or no blood is seen in them, but they contain a large quantity of air, which makes them crackle when pressed. The treatment of heaves is very unsatisfactory, and a palliation of the symptoms by keeping the alimentary canal in projx-r order, administering occasional purgatives, and feeding on a proper quantity of the best oats, which should always be bruised, are all that can be recommended as remedies; but turning out to pasture, or feeding on cornstalks or other laxative food, sometimes produces a cure in mild cases. Only the best quality of haj' should be fed. and that in small quantities. Some veterinarians have vaunted their power to cure this disease, and recommend large doses of camphor, digitalis, and opium: but these potent narcotics only operate for a very short time, and as their effects pass off the symptoms return, often with increased severity. It is generally conceded that the disease is in- curable. Horses very frequently drop down ex- hausted when at hard work, and die either from congestion of the lungs, hemorrhage, or simple suffocation.