Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/742

* HEART OF MIDLOTHIAN. 682 HEAT. HEABT OF MIDLOTHIAN, mid-lO'THian. One of Scotfs Talcs of My Uindlord, purporting to have been written by a schoolmaster, Peter Pattison, and on his death to have been edited by hi.s friend .Jedediah Cleislibotham. It was published in 1818, and its title was taken from the popular name of the Tolbooth, an Edinburgh jirison, wliioh had been torn down the year be- fore. It represents the best side of the Cove- nanting temper, and the scene opens in Edinburgh at tile time of the Porteous Riots, September 7, 1736. HEARTS. A game of cards, most frequently played by four persons. The whole pack is or- dinarily dealt, in succession, one to each of the four, until each player has thirteen cards. The first player to the left of the dealer plays any card he likes, the rest following suit, if possible. The highest card of the suit played wins t. trick. If the player cannot follow suit, he may play any card he pleases, and, when hearts are not led, he has the opportunity of getting rid of them. The winner of the first trick leads for the second; and so on until all the thirteen tricks have been taken. Then the players in turn expose their hands, count the number of the hearts, and pay into the pool one chip or unit for each one they have, and the pool is divided as provided for under the rules, or it remains, imder some circumstances, as an added stake for the next hand. But if the settling is ac- cording to Hoyle's rule, each player also pays in addition as many other chips as there are other players (in every four-handed game there are, of course,' three other players, and a player •who has two hearts has to pay six chips, and so on all round). There will always, therefore, be thirty-nine chips in the pool. Then each player draws out of the pool one chip for every heart not taken by him in the play. Thus if one player has not taken any hearts he draws thirteen chips. The man who has taken three hearts takes ten chips, he who has taken four hearts takes nine chips, and he who has taken six hearts takes seven chips. This exhausts the pool. It is impossible to discuss in detail the reasons which will operate in a player's mind in the various heart games; even to the determination to endeavor to take all the hearts. "Progressive hearts' is played after the manner of progressive euchre, so far as the arrangement of players, tables, and scoring is concerned. In the double, or eaple game, each player gives for an ace. 14; a king. 13; a queen, 12; a knave, II ; and for each of the other cards, the equivalent of the spots they stand for. This is instead of paying the pool one chip for each heart taken. It may also be played so that the ace counts 5 ; queen, 3 ; knave, 2 ; and all other cards 1. The variations of the game include 'six-handed hearts,' 'three-handed.' 'sweepstake,' 'auction.' 'spot,' 'drive.' 'joker,' and 'jack pot.' HEART'S CONTENT. A port of Newfound- land on Trinity P.ay (ilap: Newfoundland. G 5). It is an excellent harbor and noted as the land- ing-place of three Atlantic telearaph cables from Valentia, Ireland. Population, in 1891, II86; in moi. inyn. HEART'S-EASE. See Violet. HEART-URCHIN. See Echi.xoide.. HEAT {AS. hccu. OHG. heizi, heat; connect- ed with AS. hit. Icel. Idti. Goth, heito. OHG. Mzza, Ger. Hitze, heat, and AS. hat, Icel. hcitr, OHG. heix, Ger. lieiss, Eng. hot). A definite sen- sation, known as "warmth,' is felt when one places his hand near a tlame, exposes it to the sun, rubs it with the other hand, etc. A different sensation is experienced when the hand is placed on a block of ice, or is when wet exposed to a draught of air, etc. These sensations are due to two sets of nerves, which correspond to the "tempera- ture' sensations. If natural objects are exposed to conditions similar to those just described it is observed that they undergo certain changes; in fact, as a rule, all of their physical properties excepting inertia and weight are atl'eeted ; their size, shape, state, electrical and magnetic prop- erties, elasticity, etc. These changes, when pro- duced in this manner, are called "beat-effects.' From the time of the Greek philosophers, Epi- curus and Democritus, until about 1800, heat- elTects were believed to be due to the addition of a substance to the body experiencing the effects; or, in other words, heat was considered a form of matter. Such an idea was furthered when Pro- fessor Stahl (lOGO-1734), of the University of Halle, announced the theory of 'phlogiston.' which was represented as a material substance emitted from a burning body. That the theory of the material nature of heat, which in this form was called caloric, was generally accepted in the eighteenth century, is showTi by the fact that prizes of the French Academy of Science, offered in 1738, for essays on the Nature of Heat, were granted to scientists who took this view of the question. Although the material idea of heat prevailed during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it must be mentioned that, by some phj'sicists of those and earlier times, it was con- sidered as a mode of motion in some form or other, just as a few philosophers at different times believed in the unihUatory tiieory of light, and in a crude way formulated their ideas. Such men as Descartes. Amontons, Boyle, Francis Bacon, Hooke, and Newton believed that heat must be due to motion of the substance, but could not substantiate their theories by experimental proof, or urge them with such force as to secure their adoption. At a time when experimental knowl- edge was exceedingly limited, that these men should have arrived at such results by pure rea- soning, is a matter of great wonder, and if they had continued and verified their theories by actual experiments it is safe to assume that the dynamical theory would have been established on a definite basis far earlier. Calorie, according to the eighteenth-century physicists, was a fluid of an elastic and self-re- pcilent nature, ■hich permeated all matter. The various heat-effects were very plausibly explained on this basis, and it was a long time before the theory was overthrown. The first serious oppo- sition came from Count Rumford (1753-1814), whose experiments on the production of heat by friction were published in 1798. These led him to believe that heat, instead of being a material substance, was merely motion. In fact, in 1804 he wrote to Pictet i ""I am satisfied that I shall live a sufliciently long time to have the satisfac- tion of seeing caloric interred with phlogiston in the same tomb." Experiments by Humphry Da^y ( 1778-1829) . in which two pieces of ice were melted by friction, caused him also to think that heat was merelv the vibration of the corpus- cles of the body. In 1812 he asserted that the