Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/734

* HEADDRESS. 674 HEALTH. game and fetishism, as well as the shading of the eyes and of the head. The headgear of war, originally designed to strike terror into the enenij', as well as to show rank, is represented by the helmet. A much wider range of headdress marks rank and social position. This class has its highest de- velopment in the Orient, as in Eastern Turkestan and Korea, for instance, where the headdress of each individual is an index of his standing. In ceremony the most extensive and interesting phase of this subject is presented. We have here repeated the ranks from priest-king, through priest to worshiper, the head-covering for dif- ferent ceremonies, and as belonging to the hosts of spiritual beings. With this also are connected the class of masks, which are largely, if not en- tirely, to be taken as headdresses. It will be found that each of the divisions presented has its own ceremonial headdresses, as in the chase the Aleut hunter wears a large visor covered with ivory representations of game animals. HEAD-HUNTING. See Dtak. HEADLEY, hed'li, Joel Tyler (1813-97). An American historical writer. He was born in Walton, N. Y. ; graduated at Union College in 1839; studied at the Auburn Theological Semi- nary : and was for a time pastor of a church in Stockbridge, Mass. His health soon failing, he traveled in Europe, and then joined the editorial staff of the New York Tribune. Soon, however, he was compelled to spend a considerable portion of every year in the Adirondacks for his health. His newspaper letters on the region, afterwards published as The Adirondacks, or Life in the Woods (1849), are said to have been the first to attract attention to that region as a health resort. Among his works are: Xapolcoii and His Marshals (2 vols., 1846) ; Wa^hinffton and His Generals (1847) ; Life of Crmnioeli (1848) ; Life of Washington (1857) which was at one time exceedingly popular: Chaplains of the Revo- lution (1861);" The Great Rehellimi (2 vols., 1864); Gran.t and Sherman: Their Campair/ns and Generals (1865) ; Farrariiit and Our Naval Commanders (1867); and The Achievements of Stanley and Other African Explorers (1877). HEADLEY, PnmE.s Camp (1819-1003). An American clergyman and biographer, born in Walton, N. Y. lie was admitted to the bar be- fore studying for the ministry at Auburn Semi- nary. In 1850 he published Historical and De- scriptive Sketches of the Women of the Bible, and his other publications include: Empress Josephine (1851): Kosstith (1852): Lafayette (1853) ; Ericsson (1863) : General Sheridan and Admiral Farrariiit (1864); General Sherman (1865) ; General Grant (1866) ; and Pvhlic Men of Tn-day (1882), besides contributions to peri- odical literature and books suitable for Sunday schools, such as Half-Hours in Bible Lands (1867). HEADLONG HALL. A satirical novel, in- terspersed with Ivrics, by Thomas Love Peacock, published in 1816. HEAD-MONEY TAX. The term applied to a tax levied by an act of Congress, passed in August, 1882, which provided that there should be collected "a duty of fifty cents for each and every passenger, not a citizen of the United States, who shall come by steam or sail vessel from a foreign port to any port within the United States. . . . The money thus collected shall be paid in to the United States Treasury, and shall constitute a fund to be called the Immigrant Fund, and shall be used, under the direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, to defray the ex- pense of regulating immigration under' this act, and for the care of immigrants arriving in the United States," etc. This act of Congress is similar in its essential features to statutes en- acted by many States of the Union for the pro- tection of their own citizens, and for the good of the immigrants who land at seaports within their borders. A statute of New Y'ork covering tliis ground was, however, held void as infring- ing upon the ground of national legislation (92 U. S. Rep., p. 259, and 107 U. S. Rep., p. 59). The questions arising under the act of Congress Avere considered by the Supreme Court of the United States in what were called the Head- iloney cases (112 U. S. Rep., p. 580). and the act was held valid. In 1894 the tax was increased to $1 per head. See Immigration. HEADSMAN, The. A novel by J. Fenimore Cooper (1833), the story of the hereditary exe- cutioner of Benie, in the course of which scenes in Switzerland and Italy are introduced. HEADSTONE, Bradley. A schoolmaster in Dickens's Our Mutual Friend, with the physique of a giant and the sensitiveness of a child. As the teacher of young He.xani, he meets Lizzie, falls in love with her, and attempts to murder rayburn, her lackadaisical sweetheart, through jealousy. HEALD. See Heddle. HEA'LEY, George Peter Alexander (1808- 94). An American historical and portrait paint- er. He was bom at Boston, .July 15, 1808, and studied in Paris under Gros and Couture. At the Paris S.alon in 1840 he received the third-class medal, and at the Exposition of 1855 the second- class medal. He returned to the United States in 1858, going to Chicago, where he resided until 1867. -After "this he went to Rome, and in 1885 he opened a studio in Paris, where the last years of his lite were spent. He died at Chicago, June 24. 1894. He.aley is one of the best American portrait painters of the French school ; his style is vigor- ous, but his color is not good. His chief historical works are: "Franklin Urging the Claims of the American Colonies Before Louis XVI." (1855) ; "Webster's Reply to Hayne," Faneuil Hall, Bos- ton, containing 130 portraits. Some of the best-known portraits are: M. Guyot ( 1841, Smith- sonian Institution) : Pius IX. (1871) ; Louis Phi- lippe, General Grant (1878) : Webster, Clay, Cal- houn ; Presidents Quincy Adams, Jackson, Van Buren, T'ler, Taylor. Fillmore, Pierce, Polk, Bu- chanan, and Lincoln, all in (Corcoran Gallery, Washington; William H. Seward, State Library, Albany: .James Lenox (1851), in the I^nox Li- brary. New York. In the Metropolitan Museum are the portraits of Archbishop Hughes, "A Lady," Comte de Paris, and "The Artist." HEALTH (.AS. h(Elp, from hal, Goth, hails, OHG., Ger. heil, Eng. ivhole; connected with' OChurch Slav, cclii. whole. OPruss. kailusfikan, health, Olr. eel. augury, and probably with Skt. iiva, healthful, kind). The condition of a living bodv in which all the tissues are in a state of