Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/733

* HEAD. 673 HEABDBESS. ery and Incidents in the Wilds of yorth America (1829). William IV. knighted him (1831), and Queen Victoria made him her deputy knight- marshal. He was best known as the author of ."l Home Tour Through the Manufacturing Districts of England, and A Home Tour Through Various Parts of the United Kingdom, reprinted, in one volume, in 1840. HEADACHE, medically termed Cepii.l.lgia. A pain in anj' part of the head except the face. It 13 a symptom of heat-stroke, cerebral apoplexy, eye-strain, nasal disease, middle-ear or internal- ear disease, uterine disease, neurasthenia, etc. Treatment of headaclie as a disease, or by the use of 'headache powders' so commonly sold, is therefore ridiculous. The" most severe head- aches are those accompanying meningitis or brain diseases, tumor of the brain usually causing great suffering; these are generally brow or vertex headaches. Many fevers, such as typhoid, have a severe general headache as a symptom. Suf- ferers from Bright's disease have daily frontal headache in many instances. Eye-strain and gastric dyspepsia cause headache" referred to the brows. The headache of constipation or of caries of front teeth is generally experienced over the brows and temples ; that of anannia, or bladder disease, or endometritis, at the vertex : that of carious back teeth, eye-strain, and middle-ear disease, at the temple as well as at the mastoid cells behind the ear; that of neurasthenia gen- erally at the base of the occiput, though also at the brow; while derangement of the liver causes pain which may be felt over the whole occiput. Syphilis and malaria are also causes of head- ache of irregular distribution. Jligraine (q.v. ) is a headache affecting one side of the head and accompanied by nausea and vomiting and other sjTnptoms, and is due to nerve fag, gout, indi- gestion, or eye-strain, or malaria in people of nervous diathesis. Gout is a frequent cause of headache, as is also alcoholic indulgence. Do- mestic treatment of headache should begin with copious draughts of w-ater and a cathartic, with rest in the recumbent position in the dark, and abstinence from food for a few hours. Drugs, especially narcotics, should be taken only upon a physician's advice after study of the sufferer's environment, vocation, diet, and physical condi- tion. Frequent use of strong alleviatives is often undermining and damaging. Among the drugs used are aconite, belladonna, antipyrin, acetan- ilid, codeia, morphia, phenacetin. bromides, chloral, cannabis indica, ergot, ichthyol, apiol, mineral acids, creosote, salol, salicylic acid, iodides, strychnine, nitroglycerin, quinine, alka- lies, digestants, and cathartics, HEADDBESS. Among sociological badges, the headdress is of great interest. At first view its importance is not apparent. b>it its connec- tions with the advancement of humanity are numerous and varied. As distinguished from the clothing of the body, which may arise from the desire for ornament, for comfort, or for pro- tection, the headdress was a distinctive mark, representing the organization of groups of men in primitive times. The sexes also were thus discriminated. This feature has persisted to this day. though it is now giving way before the unifying powers at work on the race. In the study of headdresses there must be taken into consideration the varieties of natural head-covering, which determine the extent of the use of the artificial headdress, the environment regulating the materials and the need of protect- ing tile head from cold, lical, rain, etc. Tu these nnist be added the degree and course of the ad- vancement of the peoples, their religious Ijclicfa and customs, and in greatest measure tlic a>sthet- ic sense which pervades and modifies all these chisses. It will be seen that the treatment of the headdress of different peoples requires the closest attention to these details, which render it one of the most difficult and elusive subjects connected with the study of man. As Deniker remarks, the nature of the hair in the different divisions of mankind furnishes tlia broad groundwork for headdress. People with woolly hair, as the negroes, arrange it in the most complicated fashion. Smooth-haired peo- ples allow it to flow behind, as the Malays and some Americans, or gather it in plaits, whorls, chignons, rolls, as among the Eskimo, Koreans, .lapanese, Chinese. The fuzzy-haired peoples of North Africa and Melanesia reach the acme with their great mops fantastically arranged. Following the almost instinctive desire of the human race to improve on nature, to alter and make distinctive the hair, we have dyeing, plas- tering with clay or oils, and the wearing of wigs practiced by many tribes. On the other hand, among lower tribes, as the Australians and Veddahs, little attention is paid to the hair, which remains in its primitive luxuriance and imtidiness. To the hair are also attached feath- ers, flowers, etc., often as ornaments, but most frequently as a badge or token, familiar in the plumes of the North American Indians, Perhaps the most primitive headdress, well i.igh universal among smooth-haired peoples, is the fillet, originating in the need of securing the hair, and by its material, color, and other characters serving as a badge. The fillet thus appears to be the ancestor of all hats. The ancient Cliinese, as well as the Greeks, were fillet-makers, and the custom survives in the present, while many people have discarded the custom within recent times. The turban is a development of the fillet. From the fillet most headdresses arose by additions horizontally or vertically, the struc- ture remaining crownless for a long period. Wit- ness the well-known intolerance of open-air peo- ples for that feature. It is probable that devices for holding the feather or bunch of feathers in the hair may have developed certain types of headdress. "The types of headdress in most in- stances, instead of being the result of caprice or fashion, as the word is understood at present, have each an extended hi.story. Petric found recently in Egypt a specimen of headgear similar in style to the present P.anama hat, dating about one century before the Christian Era. The liis- tory of this hat may, in geographical terms, be expressed thus: Egypt, Morocco, Spain, the New World, a line of the migration of customs and costumes that will answer for many transplant- ings in the Western Hemisphere, The more im- portant of man's activities that have distinctive classes of headdress are the chase, war, rank, social position, and religious ceremony. Pro- tection may also be mentioned as more particu- larly an outgrowth of environment, the ears rather than the head being covered from both heat and cold. The headdress of hunting tribes embraces features connected with stalking of