Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/730

* HAZE. 670 HAZEN. size, as when they are composed of a few mole- cules of water, so that their diameters are com- parable with some wave-length of light, they produce the phenomena of selective reflection and refraction, giving to the sky its ordinary blue lint and forming glories of colored rings around the sun and moon. When thej' are a little larger they show the colors of thin plates, and when larger still they may by diffraction give rise to small glories and larger halos. The vapor-dust from the eruption of Krakatoa in 1883 spread over the north temperate zone, producing for a year or two magnificent sunset and sunrise tints and the Bishop's Ring, so called after its first ob- server. Sereno, Bishop of Honolulu. The eruption of Skaptar Jokul in 1783 furnished a similar cloud of aqueous haze and red sunsets to the greater part of Europe and North x-Vmerica ; and the same phenomenon, although on a somewhat more restricted scale, followed the eruptions of Pelee on JIartinique, and the Soufriere on Saint Vincent, in 1902. The colors due to aqueous haze have been most thoroughly investigated by Prof. Carl Barus (see his "Colors of Cloudy Condensa- tion," United States Weather Bulletin No. 12). Tile haze produced by volcanic eruption is de- scribed most fully in the Report of the Krakatoa Commission (London, 1887). HAZEBROUCK, az'brook'. The capital of an arrondissement in the Department of Nord, France, on the Bourre, 37 miles southeast of Calais by rail ( Map : France, J 1 ). It has canal communication with the Lys. and is an impor- tant railway junction of lines to Calais, Lille, Ypres, Dunkirk, and Arras. It is a well-built town, with several fine buildings, including a six- teenth-century Augustinian convent, various sec- tions of which are used for a hospital, a linen market, college lecture-rooms, and a tobacco warehouse; the Church of Saint Eloi, dating from 1493, is noted for its openwork spire, 260 feet high. There are several educational institu- tions and a public library. Linen, leather, beer, salt, soap, oil, and lime are manufactured, and an active agricultural trade is carried on. It is one of the most typical of Franco-Flemish towns, where the Flemish language still lingers. Its Flemish name, signifying 'the marsh of the hares,' is derived from" the marshland on which the town is built. Population, in 1901, 13,261. HAZELNUT, Filbert, or Cobnut (AS. heesel, Icel. hasi, OHG. hasala, Ger. Hasel, ha«el ; con- nected with Lat. corulus, Olr., Welsh eoll, hazel), C'ori/lus. A genus of trees and shrubs of the natural order Cupuliferje, of which the fruit is a nut in a leafy and laciniated cup, the en- larged involucre of the female flower. The male flowers are in cylindrical catkins; the fe- male flowers mere clusters of colored styles at the extremities of buds. The common hazel (Oorplus aveUnna), Lambert's filbert (Oorylus tuhulosa), and the Constantinople hazel (Corif- Ins eotnrna) are natives of all the temperate parts of Europe. Two species are native to the United States, the American hazel (Coryhis Am-ericnnn). and the beaked or California hazel ( Oort/lus rostrata ), neither of which is culti- vated. Most of the cultivated varieties of the hazelnut are known by the names of cob- nuts and filberts: the former generally of a rotmdish form, the latter characterized by the greater elongation and laciniation of the fruit- cup. The finer kinds of hazel are propagated by grafting and by layers. Hazel-plants for copses are obUiined from seed. A Himalayan species of hazel {Coryhis fcrox) has a spiny fruit-cup and an excessively hard nut. Barce- lona nuts are the nuts of a variety of the com- mon hazel, kiln-dried before their exportation from Spain. This process preserves their agree- able flavor; indeed, without it the nuts could not be kept long, except in air-tight cases, a satis- factory method, without losing or exchanging this flavor for one of evident rancidity. The larva of a weevil {ISalaninus nueum) feeds on the kernels of hazelnuts. The parent female makes a hole into the nut by means of her long snout, and there deposits an egg. Great numbers of nuts are thus destroved. HAZELNUT (LEAVES AND FRCIT). Hazelnuts of improved varieties are grown to a considerable extent in the south of Europe, but only to a slight extent in America. Hazel- nuts yield, on pressure, about half their weight of a bland fixed oil, often called nut-oil. Hazel- nut oil has drying properties, and is much used by painters ; it is also used by perfumers as a basis with which to mix expensive fragrant oils, and it has been employed medicinally in coughs. The wood of the hazel, although seldom large enough for the purpose of the carpenter, is very tough and flexible, and hazel rods are therefore much used for making crates, hurdles, hoops for small barrels, etc. The thicker stems of hazel are used for making charcoal, which is in demand for forges, and is much esteemed for the manu- facture of gunpowder and for artists' crayons. HAZELTINE, ha'zel-tin. ^Mato Williamson ( 1841— ) . An American journalist and reviewer, born in Boston, Mass. A graduate of Harvard and post-graduate student at Oxford. England, he practiced law until 1878, when he became literary editor of the New York Sun. His origi- nal publications include Chats About Books, Poets, and Novelists (1883), but he is best and very widel.v known for his reviews in the New, York Stin. HA'ZEN, William Babcock (1830-87). An American soldier. He was boi-n in West Hart- ford. Vt, : graduated at West Point in 1855, and ser'ed for a time on the frontier. In the spring of 1861 he was promoted captain in the regular