Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/723

* HAYEM. (J03 HAYES. HAYEM, &'yaN', Georges (1841 — ). A Freiiili jiliv.-iiiaii, liiirii in I'arU. He va^ oducatfil at the t'liivorsity of Paris, where he aftenvarils became a professor in the faculty of medicine. He was made a physician of the .Saint Antoine Hospital, and in ISbG was elected a member of the Academy of Medicine. From 1873 to 1898 he edited the Reive des sciences nudUales en France et a I'etranncr. His works include: Des hemorrayics intra-riirliidieiines (1872) ; Dii sang et de s(s alterations analomiqucs (1889); and Lemons de iherai)euli(jue (1887-93). HAYES, haz, AvGUsrrs Allen (1806-82). An American cliemist, born at W indsor, Vt. He graduated at the Norwich Jlilitary Academy in 1823 and began the study of chemistry under Professor Dana at Dartmouth. Here he distin- guished himself by his researches on the proxi- mate constituents of American medicinal plants, and by his discovery of the organic alkaloid san- guinaria. a compound remarkable for the bril- liant colors of its salts. He was for a time assist- ant professor of chemistry in the New Hampshire Medical College, and while there in 1S27 investi- gated the coniix>unds of chromium, and his paper on this subject was highly praised by Berzelius, the eminent Swedish chemist. He carried out several other interesting researches in organic chemistry, as well as on many questions in engineering. He was a contributor to the Pro- ceedings of the American Academy and of the Boston Society of Natural Histoi-y, the American Journal of Science and the Annual of Scientific Discovvrti. In 18.37 his investigations into the generation of steam and the economy of fuel led to the construction of improved furnaces and boilers. HAYES, Isaac Israel ( 1832-81 ). An Ameri- can Arctic explorer, born in Chester County, Pa. He went with Captain Kane as surgeon on the second Grinnell expedition in search of Sir John Franklin (1853-5.9), and upon his return was fired with a desire to verify his conviction of the existence of an open polar sea. Through the in- fluence of several scientific societies he succeeded in obtaining financial support, and set out from Boston in IStJO. with two astronomers and but twelve other persons, on board the Tlnited States. The first winter he spent near Littleton Island, latitude 78° 18' N., but the following spring, if his observations were correct, he reached latitude 81° 35' N., longitude 70° 30' W., farther north than any of his predecessors in this quarter of the Arctic regions had been. The result of his ex- plorations was to confirm him in the opinion that an open route to the pole was practicable for steamships in summer from Cape Frazer. He made a voyage to Greenland in 1869. published An Arctic Boat Journey (1800) ; The Open Polar Sea (1867) : Cast Away in the Cold (1808) : and The Land of Desolation (1872), and was honored by medals itrom the geological societies of Paris and London. HAYES, Rutherford BiHcnARD (1822-93). The nineteenth President of the L'nited States. He was born in Delaware. Ohio, October 4, 1822. His paternal and maternal ancestry, it is claimed, can be traced back, each to a Scottish chieftain of noble blood, and he was a descendant in the sixth generation of George Hayes, who left Scotland in 1680 and settled at Windsor, Conn. His grandfather, Rutherford Hayes, born in New Haven, Conn., in 175G, settled in Brattle- boro, Vt. Here the father of the President, also named Rutherford, was born. His parents emi- grated to Ohio shortly l)efore his birth. When the boy was sixteen years old he was sent to Kenyoii College, Ahere he graduated at the head of his class in 1842. He studied law for two years in the ollice of Thomas Sparrow, of Colum- bus, and subsequently spent two years (1843-45) in the Harvard Law- School. In 1845 he was admitted lo the bar at Marietta, Ohio, and soon afterwards entered into practice at Fremont, the residence of his uncle Sardis Birchard, then a wealthy banker. In 1849 he removed to Cincin- nati, where he soon gained a remunerative prac- tice, and became prominent in his profession. In 1852 he married Miss Lucy W. ^^'ebb, daughter of Dr. .James Webb, of Chinicothe. Ohio. In 1856 he was nominated as a candidate for judge of the Court of Common Pleas, but refused to accept the nomination, although later he served as City Solicitor. In 1861, when the Civil War broke cut, he enlisted for the whole war, and on June 7th was commissioned as major of the Twenty- third Ohio, of which W. .S. Rosecrans was colonel. To the regiment was assigned the duty, at Clarksburg, W. Va., of protecting the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and of defending the border from raids; and Major Hayes took a prominent part in various expeditions necessary for the de- fense of the position. He served for a time as judge-advocate of the Department of Ohio, and in August, 1862, he was promoted to the colonelcy of the Seventy-ninth Ohio, but he preferred to remain, with the rank of lieutenant-colonel, with the Twenty-third, which had been incorporated with Burnside's command in the Army of the Potomac. At South Mountain (q.v.) the Twenty-third, led by Hayes, was hotl}' engaged, more than a hundred of Hayes's men falling dead or wounded, and he himself being slight- ly wounded. There was a pause for reen- forcements, when a dangerous fiank movement of the enemy was discovered, and Hayes was again seen at the head of the regiment. He was finally carried, fainting with loss of blood, from the field. Upon his recovery he was promoted to the rank of brigadier-general, and placed in com- mand of the Kanawha division, of which his old regiment formed a part. He remained at Kana- wha Falls until Jlarch 15. 1863, when the division was ordered to Charleston, W. Va. After this he led in several important expeditions, notably in that which he himself organized to dispute the retreat of Morgan (q.v.) and his band after their raid through Ohio. By a quick movement he cut oflf ;Iorgan's retreat and forced liim to surrender. In the famous raid upon the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, in May. 1864, he led the principal assault upon the enemy's fortifications with admirable boldness and suc- cess. He took an honorable part in the attack on Lynchburg, .June 18th, covering the retreat of the Union forces under dangerous conditions with perfect success. In the campaign of the Shen- andoah, under Sheridan (q.v.). his services were conspicuous and valiant. In the battle of Win- chester especially he displayed great coolness and courage in the most trving circumstances. For his gallant services Hayes was brcvetted major- general. He was a Republican from the formation of the party, and had taken an active part in the