Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/721

* HAT. 661 HAYDN. Parliamentary Party, which she warned of the phiii to arrest the tive meniliers. In botli eivil wars she was intimate with the aristoeratie Pres- byterian Party, and intrigued in behalf of Hol- land. In 164!) she was arrested, imprisoned, and threatened with the rack, and was held in eon- tinement nntil 1652. She died snddenly in 1060, a few months after she had renewed her in- trigues. Three portraits of her by ^'andyck are enijraved in Lodge's Portraits. HAY ASTHMA. See Hay Fever. HAY-BOTE, or HEDGE-BOTE (from hay, AS. hege, haija, UHG. haii, Ger. Haq, Eng. haw, hedge + ME. bote. AS. 'hot, Goth.' hota. OHG. buoza, Ger. Btisse, Eng. boot, advantage, reeom- pense). A common-law right 'of a tenant for life or years to cut timber for the repair of hedges and fences. It belongs to the class of rights known as estovers. See Estoveb. HAY'DEN, Ferdinand Vandeveer (1829-87). An American geologi.st, born in Westfleld, Mass. Graduating from Oberlin College in 1850. he studied medicine at Albany, N. Y., and in 1853 commenced the series of scientific explorations which have made his name famoiis, by an examina- tion of the remains of extinct animals found in the Bad Lands of Dakota. The next three years were passed in a .similar exploration of the Upper Missouri, resulting in the discovery of an important collection of fossils, which was after- wards divided bet%een the academies of science of Saint Louis and Philadelphia. Being ap- pointed geologist of a Government expedition to the Northwest, he acted in this capacity until the outbreak of the Civil War, when he entered the Union Army as a surgeon. He rose to be chief medical officer of the Army of the Shenandoah. In 1865, and until 1872, he was professor of geology and mineralogy in the University of Pennsylvania, vacating this post on account of his duties in connection with the United States Geo- logical Survey of the Territories, which had been placed in his charge in 1867. He made important contributions to the geological, geographical, and botanical knowledge of the Western States, mostly included in the reports of the surveys issued by the Government. He was a member of many scientific societies in both America and Europe. HAYDN, hi'd'n, Johann Michael (1737- 1809). An Austrian musician, brother of .Josef Haydn, born at Rohrau. From 1745 to 1755 he was a chorister at Saint Stephen's, Vienna, and, after studying the violin and organ, assistant organist there. In 1757 he was kapellmeister at Grosswardein, in 1762 concert-meister to Arch- bishop Sigismund at Salzburg, and in 1777 or- ganist of the cathedral and of Saint Peter's Church in that city. In 1800 his property was destroyed by the French occujiation of Salzburg, but his brother and friends and the Empress Marie Therese came to his assistance, and he was enabled to open a school of composition. This enterprise was very successful, among its pupils being Weber and Reicha. His best works were his oratorios, masses, cantatas, and anthems, which his brother held in the highest estimation. He published little, but his compositions embrace almost every department of music, including operas, symphonies, songs, quintets, marches, and serenades. He died at Salzburg. HAYDN, Josef (1732-1809). A famous Aus- trian composer. He was born at Rohrau, Lower Austria, March 31, 1732. His father was a trav- eling wheelwright, with a natural love of music. The sweetness of the boy's voice and his correct ear for pitch were noted early. His cousin, Matthias Frankh, a schoolmaster and choir- master in Hainburg. took the liid. wliom the father had destined for the Chur<-h, to his home for musical instruction. Though treated at times with much harshness, he imdouljtedly was started on his career by Frankh. From his eighth to his eighteenth year Ha.vdn was a pupil in the choir school of SaintStephen's, Vienna, Kapellmeister Renter having heard him sing in Hainburg. Though wretchedly poor and often without sulUcient food, he studied diligently, and at thirteen composed a mass. When his voice broke. Renter made his lioyish prank in cutting off a fellow-pupil's queue the occasion for his dismissal. A former chorister whom he chanced to meet took him in and a kind-hearted tradesman, named Bucliliolz, loaned him 150 florins. Haydn not only repaid the loan, but years afterwards remembered Buchholz's grand- daughter in his will. Gi-atitudc, tolerance, and the never-failing good humor which is reflected in his music, and which even a wretched marriage could not mar. mingled in his nature. Through Mctastasio, the Italian poet and librettist, Haydn secured pupils, himself taking lessons in composition from Porpora, for which he paid by menial duties. In 1758 his circum- stances changed for the better. Through Baron Fiirnberg, for whom he had composed his first quartet, and Countess Tliun, he was ap])ointed musical director to Count Franz Morzin, for whose orchestra he wrote his first symphony. It was during this incumbency that he married the eldest daughter of a Viennese wigmaker. named Keller. He had loved the younger daughter, but she entered a convent, and urged by her father he married her sister instead. His wife was utterly unsympathetic and unworthy of him. She tore up his manuscripts for curl-papers and pie- forms, squandered his earnings for finerj', and even selected a house to live in in anticipation of her widowhood. By an irony of fate Haydn survived her and went to live in this very house. In 1760 he became ka]>ellmeister to Prijice Paul Anton Esterh.'izy, and retained this position under his original jjatron's successors till near the time of liis death. Prince Nikolaus played upon the barytone (a stringed instrument .super- seded by the 'cello), and for this instrument alone Haydn vrote nearly two hundred pieces. For operatic performances in the princely house- hold he composed more than a dozen operas, and for concerts numerous symphonies, quartets, and sonatas. In 1772. at the summer scat, Esterhilz, he brought out the "Abschieds" (Farewell) sym- phony, under circumstances which are variously described. Most probably, however, the Prince had denied the orchestra leave of absence to visit their families, and they had decided to leave his service. Toward the close of the s>inphony one player after another extinguished his candle and left. Finally only the violin leader remained. Having played the last phrase, he too blew out his canille and departed. The music and the action of the players moved the Prince so deeply that he granted their request.