Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/71

* GORGED. 49 round its neck. The collar is generally in the form of a crown or coronet. GORGE D'ENFER, gorzh da.x'far'. A lo- cality in the valley cif the Vez&re. Department of Gironde. France, noted for the occurrence of stone implements and other works of prehistoric man. Near by are other famous areh;T?ological stations, including Cro-Magnon. LaugerieHaute, Les Ey- zies, and La Mouthe. Consult ilortillet, Le pix- historiquc (Paris, 1000). GORGES, gOr'jes. Sir Ferdixaxdo (e.loOG- 1647 I. An English military oHicer. Governor for many years of Plymouth, England, and lord pro- prietary of the Province of ilaine : sometimes called "the father of English colonization in America.' He was born proliably in Ashton Phil- lips, England, entered the army, served in Nor- mandy in 1501, distinguishefl himself and was knighted at the siege of Rouen, and afterwards for many years was 'Governor of the forts and island of Plymouth.' He seems to have been en- gaged in the conspiracy led by the Earl of Essex, against whom he was witness in the trial of 1601. Becoming early interested in the settlement of the New World, he was one of the grantees in the royal charter of 1006, and was one of the founders of the unsuccessful Popham Colony in Maine in 1607. Capt. .John Smith, as agent for Gorges, made several unsuccessful attempts to es- tablish other settlements: and in 1616 Gorges sent out a small party which encamped for the winter on the river Saco. In 1620 Gorges and his associates obtained a new charter, which gave them title to the territory between the 40th and 4Sth parallels north latitude, extending westward from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Gorges and .John ilason, in August, 1622, took from the Council for New England a grant of the district lying between the Merrimac and the liennebec and extending from the Atlantic to the 'river of Canada' ; and under the auspices of the former, several settlements were made. In 1620 Gorges received a grant of the so-called Territory of Laconia, as to which it was reported ncm est'iiiienta. In 1623 Capt. Robert Gorges, son of Ferdinando, was appointed by vote of tha Council for New England 'General Governor of the country.' Twelve years later, however, the coun- cil resigned the charter to the King, the elder Gorges exjiecting to be thereupon appointed Governor-General. Disappointed in this, he in- duced the King to giant him a charter constitut- ing him lord proprietarv of the Province of Maine, and providing that his office should re- main hereditary in his family. His son, Thomas, was sent out as Deputy Governor. The principal settlements were Agamenticus and Saco, the former being the place now called York, which was chartered as a city in 1642 under the name of Gorgeana. In 1643 the four New England colonies formed an alliance for mutual defense, excluding therefrom the Gorges settlements. Af- ter the death of Gorges, the settlements estab- lished by him formed themselves into a body politic, and submitted to the jurisdiction of Jlas- sachusetts. Gorges wrote .1 Brief e yarration of the OrifliiuiU r ndertakinqs of the Advancement of Plantations into the Parts of America, espe- cially shoirinri the Beginning. Prnf/ress and Con- tinuance of That of yrir England (1658). which has been much used by historians, and may be found in volume ii. of the Maine Historical .S'o- GORGEY. cicty Collections (Portland), and in series 3, volume vi. of the Mnssachnsrlts Historical Society Colleclions. Consult liaxler [vA.) . Sir Ferdinando dorycs and II in I'riirincc of Maine (3 vols., Bos- ton, 1890), one of the 'Prince Society Publica- tions." GORGET (OF. gorgelte. gorgete, Fr. gorgetle, collar, diminutive of gorge, throat). One of a series of surgical instruments, devised to facili- tate the oi^eration of lithotomy. Gorgets are now almost entirely out of use. GORGEY, ger'ge-r, Arthur (1818—). An Hungarian general in the Revolution of 1848-49. He was born at Toporez. in the county of Szepes (Zips), January 30, 1818. received a military education, and was commissioned a lieutenant of hussars. Finding garrison life monotonous, and promotion slow, Giirgey left the army and took up the study of chemistry at Prague. He threw in his lot with the National Party in the rising against Austria in 1848, and was at first employed in the purchase of arms in Belgium. In August, 1848, he received an important com- mand, and soon distinguished himself against the Croats. He exhibited great military capacity after the rout of the Hungarian army near .Schwechat, in October, 1848, conducting the re- treat with consunuuate skill. From this time he held a general command. Upon the appointment of Dembinski (q.v.) to the chief command of the Hungarian anuies, Gorgey showed his dissatis- faction in various ways, and it was said that his late arrival at the battle of Kftpolna prevented a great Hungarian victory. After Dembinski's resignation, Gorgey was made commander-in-chief in his place, rind succeeded in putting into the field an army of 40,000 men, with which ho executed a brilliant advance against the Aus- trians. Pest was evacuated by the enemy, the siege of Komorn was raised, and before the month of April was over the Austrians had been almost driven out of Hungary. Buda. the an- cient capital of the realm, well fortified and garrisoned, had still to be taken, and for this the victorious campaign wms interrupted. The city was stormed Jlay 21st. but the three weeks' de- lay proved fat,al. Russia intei-vened in behalf of Austria, and Radetzky sent several regiments from his victorious army in Italy. After an un- successful engagement at Komorn and a battle with the Russian main army at Waitzen (July 15th), he made his way towanl the upper Theiss. The Hungarians, outnumbered by the united Aus- triiin and Russian amiies, were gradiuvlly driven to the wall. Gorgey. after some weeks, arrived in the neighborhood of Arad with an army deci- mated by continual fighting, by heavy marches, and by disease. On August 9th the army under Dembinski was vanquished in the battle of Temesv.lr, and on the' 10th Gorgey was de- clared dictator by a council held in the fortress of Arad, imder the presidency of Kossuth. But further resistance on the part of the Hungarians was hopeless, and on the 13th Giirgey's army sur- rendered at Vilflgos to General Riidiger. the Rus- sian commander. For this surrender Gorgey was severely blamed and charged with treachery, but the facts are tint on the day of surrender Cilr- gey had only 24,000 men with 140 cannon, while five armies, with more than 200,000 men and 1000 cannon, were closing in upon him from every direction. Gorgey was confined for a time at klagenfurt, in Austria, whence he was re-