Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/708

* HAWESVILLE. 648 HAWKE BAY. and on the Louisville, Henderson and Saint Louis Railroad (Map: Kentucky, E 3). It is in a coalmining district, and manufactures flour, iiubs, shingles, etc. Population, in 1890, 1013; in UtOO. 1041. HAWFINCH (from haw, hedge + finch). A large European tinch or grosbeak (Coccothraus- tes vulgaris), considerably larger than the chaf- finch. The adult male has the crown and back chestnut brown, the neck and rump gray, the wings partly black, the larger wing-coverts white. The hawfinch exists numerously over the whole Palearctie Province, and is only partly migra- tory, but is a very shy bird, avoiding man, and not much is kno«Ti of its habits. It frequents orchards and hedgerows, seeking for berries and fruit, and gets its name from its sup- posed partiality for hawthorn-berries. It nests in hedgerows and in forest trees. HAWICK, hji'ik. A manufacturing town and ancient burgh or barony in Roxburghshire. Scot- land, at the junction of the Teviot and Slitrig, 50 miles southeast of Edinburgh (Map: Scot- land, F 4). It has important hosiery and tweed mills, dye-works, and tanneries. Its antiquities have almost disappeared ; the most important is the Moathill. an earthen work 30 feet high and 312 in circumference. Its oldest church, dat- ing from 1214, was rebuilt in 1763. It has fine modern residences, a handsome town hall, a splendid water-supply, and a complete system of drainage. Its municipal charter was granted in 1.537. Population, in 1891, 19,200; in 1901, 17.303. HAWK (AS. heafoc, hnfuc, Icel. hauf;r, OHG. habiih, habih, Ger. Habicht, hawk, from AS. heb- han, Goth, hafjan, OHG. heffan, Ger. heben, Eng. heave; connected with Lat. cnpere, to seize. Alb. hap, I seize). A term popularly meaning any bird of prey not an owl nor vulture. In a more restricted sense the word designates a section of the family, the Accipitrinse. reckoned by falcon- ers among" the ignoble birds of prey. They have wings so short as not to extend to the extremity of the tail, and the bill short and curving from the base. In many of their characters and habits, however, they make a very near approach to the true falcons. In this sense the term would ex- clude eagles, buzzards, harriers, kites, and the like. In fact, however, the scientific use is hard- ly more exact than the popular, and descriptions of the various birds so called will be found under Falcon, and under the names of groups or spe- cies, as Buzzard; Hen-Hawk; Marsh-Hawk; Pigeon -Hawk : and so on. ( See also Plate of Eagle.s and H.wk.s.) It should also be noted, however, that in some instances the name is en- tirely misapplied, ornithologically speaking, to birds whose shape or actions suggest those of a falcon. Examples of this are 'man-of-war hawk' ( the frigate-bird ) and 'nighthawk' ( q.v. ), or 'mosquito-hawk' (a nightjar). HAWK-BrLLED PABROT. A large and remarkable parrot (Drrotupux nceipilriniis) of the Amazon and Orinoco valleys, related to the Amazon group (Chrysotis), and especially char- acterized by an erectile collar or ruff around the back of the neck. This ruff, the breast, and ab- domen are dark red, each feather with a blue edge: the head is brown: the shoulder and in- side of both wings and tail are black, while the plumage of the back wings and tail above are green. It frequents palm-trees, utters a cry of piercing shrillness, and erects its rulf when angry or excited with a most threatening effect. It is said to become an admirable pet. as it is easily tamed, is very hardy, agile, and graceful in its movements, and is nearly as good a talker as the gray parrot. Consult Greene, Parrols in CaiUii-Hi/ (London, 1884). HAWKE, Edward, Baron Hawke (1705-81). An English admiral. He was born in London. He entered the navy in 1720, and .served on the North American and West Indian stations until 1725, when he returned to England and passed his examinations. After serving several years on various foreign stations, he came into promi- nence in the naval engagement at Toulon in 1744, when he broke from the line of battle in order to engage the Spanish ship I'odcr, and succeeded in compelling her to strike her colors. In 1747 he was promoted rear-admiral of the white. In October of the same year he captured si.x out of a squadron of nine French men-of-war convoying a fleet of merchant vessels bound for the West Indies, and was created a Knight Com- panion of the Bath. In December of the same year he was chosen member of Parliament for Bristol. In May, 1748, he became vice-admiral of the blue, and in January, 1755. admiral of the white. In 175(5 he succeeded Admiral Byng as commander of the fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1759 he took charge of a squadron sent to cruise off Brest, and tn intercept a French fieet prepar- ing for an invasion of England. On the morning of November 20th he sighted the French fleet under Admiral Conflans, off' Belle-Isle, and not- withstanding that the French, trusting to their knowledge of the rocks and shallows, retired toward the shore, he engaged them with such impetuosity that more than half of their vessels were either disabled, captured, or driven on shore. For this victory, gained with the loss of only two vessels, Hawke received the thanks of the House of Commons and a pension of £2000 per annum. In 17(J5 he was appointed Vice- Admiral of Great Britain and First Lord of the Admiralty. In 1776 he was raised to the peer- age, by the title of Baron Hawke of Towton. He died at Sunbury. October 17, 1781. Consult Burrows, Life of Edward Lord Hawlce (London, 1883). HAWK-EAGLE. A convenient term for a group of large birds of prey of the Old World, which combine characteristics of both eagles and hawks, and in most cases are crested. The best known of these is Bonelli's hawk-eagle (Xisaetus fasciatus), which ranges from Spain (where it is a common resident on the rock of Gibraltar) to the Far East, where it is one of the largest and most prominent birds of prey. In India it is numerous and conspicuous, both in the high Tiiounlains and in the lowland jungles, and is one of the large hawks called 'peacock-killers,' The booted eagle {Xisaetus prniintiis) of the Mediter- ranean region, noted for its shrill scream, and the beautiful great crested eagle of Africa (Spizaetus bellicosiis), are other representatives of the group, in which some authors include the crested 'eagle-hawks' of tropical America, HAWKE BAY. An inlet on the east coast of North Island, New Zealand, which gives its name to a provincial district, and a county be-