Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/699

HAVILAH.  und Geographie Arabiens (Berlin, 1890); Meyer, Geschichte des Alterthums, vol. i. (Stuttgart, 1889); and the commentaries on Genesis by Dillmann (Leipzig, 1892) and Gunkel (Göttingen, 1901).  HAV′ILAND, (1718-84). An English soldier in the French and Indian War in America. He was born in Ireland, and in 1739 was appointed ensign in an infantry regiment, with which he is believed to have served at Porto Bello and Cartagena. During part of the rebellion of 1745 he was aide-de-camp to Colonel (afterwards Lord) Blakeney, and subsequently returned to Ireland, where he remained until 1752, when he was appointed a lieutenant-colonel. In 1757 he went to America with a regiment, was in command at Fort Edward during the winter of 1757-58, served under Abercromby at Ticonderoga, and later under Amherst. In 1760 he was put at the head of a mixed force of colonists and Indians, 3400 strong, and ordered to force a way by Lake Champlain, defended by a French post at Isle aux Noix, and to join the armies of General Murray and Lord Amherst, which were converging on Montreal. He was entirely successful. After the capitulation of Montreal he served in the West Indies, and was present at the conquest of Havana in 1762. An energetic and resourceful officer, he was advanced in rank until he was made general in 1783.  HAVILDAR′ (Hind. havāldār, from Hind., Pers. havālah, Ar. havālat, charge, custody + Pers. dār, possessing). The highest non-commissioned rank in the native army of British India.  HAVIN,, (1799-1868). A French politician, born in Paris. He studied law, became Justice of the peace at Saint-Lô (1830), and for the following seventeen years was Deputy from the Department of La Manche. He was a prime mover in the agitation which led to the February Revolution, but allied himself with the Moderates in the National Assembly of 1848-49. He continued to take a prominent part in the Republican Government up to 1851, but after the coup d'état he lost his position in the State Council, and his influence was henceforth exerted through his journal, Le Siècle, which became noted for good judgment and loyalty to liberal principles.  HAVLÍČEK,, (1821-56). A Bohemian journalist, critic, and poet, born at Borová, whence his pseudonym, ‘Havel Borovský.’ He studied at Prague, taught at Moscow, and after his return to Bohemia wrote for the Národní Noviny at Prague, and at Kuttenberg for the Slovan. For his liberal articles in these journals he was imprisoned at Brixen in the Tyrol, where he wrote the sarcastic Tiroler Elegien. He returned to Bohemia in 1855, and died at Prague in the following year. He wrote many clever epigrams, which have not all been published; the satiric poem, Křest sv. Vladimira (1877); and translations from Gogol, Voltaire, and others. His collected works, Sebrané Spisy, contain a part of his epigrams. His biography, by Tuma, was published at Prague (1883).  HAVRE,,. The second seaport of France, and the capital of an arrondissement of the Department of Seine-Inferieure, on the estuary of the Seine, 108 miles northwest of Paris (Map:, F 2). It is a well-built and

regularly laid out city, with a number of fine boulevards and squares, as the Boulevard François I., Strasbourg, and the Course de la République, the chief boulevards occupying the site of the ancient ramparts. The most prominent public buildings are the city hall, built in Renaissance style; the Church of Notre Dame, dating from the sixteenth century; the exchange, the Palais de Justice, arsenal, and customhouse. The museum has fine statues of Bernardin de Saint-Pierre and Casimir Delavigne (both natives of Havre), and contains collections of paintings and sculptures and a library of about 50,000 volumes. The harbor, formed in part by an immense dam, is regarded as one of the best in France, and has a capacity of about 500 vessels. Its entrance, defended by two forts and a number of batteries, is barely 300 feet in width. The harbor is divided into nine separate basins, and has over eight miles of quays.

The situation of Havre at the mouth of the Seine gives it great advantage in regard to the internal trade of the country, while its position on the English Channel makes it one of the chief centres of the foreign trade. The annual imports and exports exceed 2,000,000 tons, valued at nearly 2,000,000,000 francs. The chief articles of import are coffee, cotton and cotton goods, grain, hides and skins, silk, etc. The exports are mainly silk and cotton goods, coffee, clothing, metal articles, and artificial flowers. Havre has a number of large industrial establishments, including sugar refineries, chemical and glass works, breweries, ship-building yards (for battleships as well as merchant vessels), electrical works, and works for the manufacture of guns and heavy ordnance. Population, in 1896, 119,470; in 1901, 130,196.

Havre, originally named Ville Françoise, or Françoiseville, and afterwards Havre de Grâce, was founded in 1517 by Francis I., from whom it received numerous privileges. It was surrendered to the English by the Huguenots in 1562, but was retaken by the French soon afterwards. It was bombarded by the English in 1694, 1759, 1794, and 1795. Havre owes its harbor improvements to Richelieu, Louis XIV. (who employed Vauban), Louis XVI., and Napoleon.  HAVRE DE GRACE,. A city in Harford County, Md., 30 miles northeast of Baltimore; on the Susquehanna River, near its mouth, in Chesapeake Bay, and on the Baltimore and Ohio and the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore railroads (Map:, N 2). It makes large shipments of coal and lumber, and has shad and herring fisheries, flour, cotton, saw, and planing mills, and can and shoe factories, and carries on fruit-canning. On Battery Island is a Government fish hatchery. Population, in 1890, 3244; in 1900, 3423.  HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, or HAWAII,  (formerly ; politically, the ). A chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, belonging to the United States, and forming geographically and ethnologically the extreme northeastern group of Polynesia. They are situated between latitudes 18° 54′ and 22° 15′ N., and between longitudes 154° 50′ and 160° 30′ W., about 2200 miles southwest of San Francisco, and 4893 miles from Hong Kong. The chain consists of eight inhabited and several small uninhabited islands, <section end="Hawaiian Islands" />