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* HAUTERIVE. 635 HAUY. live as a farmer in America until 1708, when lie was recalled and aitpointed chief of the first division of political correspondence in the Min- istry of Foreign AH'airs. His brochure, Dc I'vtat de la France a la Jin tie Van ^ II., undertaken at the order of Bonaparte, won him a high place under the Consulate and Empire, and he fre- quently served as Minister of Foreign Affairs in the absence of Talleyrand. But liis policy of an Austrian alliance clashed with his chief's de- mand for a Prussian alliance, and he was trans- ferred to the post of director of archives. In his later years he interested himself in archseology, wrote on Egyptian antiquities, and was elected to the Society of Inscriptions (1820). HATTTES-ALPES, 6t'zalp'. A southeastern department of France, adjoining the Italian frontier, formerly part of the ancient Province of Dauphine (Map: France, NT). Area, 2158 square miles; population, in 1896, 113,229; in 1901, 109,310, It is traversed by the Cottian Alps, which reach their maximum altitude in the department in Les Ecrins. 1.3,460 feet in ele- vation. The chief river is the Durance, noted for the picturesque scenery along its course. Jlarble is quarried and anthracite coal and argen- tiferous lead arc mined. Mountain pasturage for sheep is its chief agricultural branch. Capital, Gap. HAUTE-SAONi;, 6fs6n'. A northeastern de- partment of France, bounded on the north by the Depiirtment of Vosges, and on the east by Belfort. Area, 2062 square miles. It is traversed from north to south by the Saone River, from which it derives its name. About one-half of the en- tire area is cultivable land ; more than a fourth, comprising the north and northeast districts, is covered with forest-clad mountains. In the south and southwest are fertile plains, bounded by hills,' covered with vines or timber. Fruits and tobacco are- largely cultivated. Sheep, in- cluding some flocks of the merino breed, and cattle are raised in large numbers'. Coal, cop- per, manganese, and iron are found. Capital, ■^'esoul. Population, in 1896, 272,891: in 1901, 266,60.5. HATJTE-SAVOIE, dt'sa'vwii'. An eastern department of France, bordering on Switzerland and Italy, formerly part of Savoy, Area, 1667 square miles. The smumit of Mont Blanc is situated in this department; about one-fourth of the surface is forested. The Rhone is the principal river. In the north, south, and west, wheat, oats, and fruit are cultivated, but the chief agricultural industry is pastoral. Capi- tal, Annecv. Population, ' in 1896, 262,142: in 1001. 263,803. HAUTES-PYRE'NEES, 6t'pe'ra'n&'. A soutliorn department of France, part of the old Province of Gascony lying east of the Basses- Pyrenees. Area, 1749. .square miles. As its name implies, it contains some of the loftiest sum- mits of the Pyrenean chain. The aspect of the scenery is varied, mountains and precipitous rocks in the south, an agreeable diversification of hill and dale in the centre, with fertile plains in the north. The principal rivers, none of which, however, are navigable in the depart- ment, are the Adour and the Gave de Pau. The well-cultivated and artificially watered lowlands yield good crops of cereals, leguminous plants, flax, and fruit of every kind, including the grape. Vol. IX.— 41. from which excellent wine and brandy are made. Horses, nuiles, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry are raised. This department — which i-. the rich- est part of the Pyrenees in mineral products, especially marble, copper, iron, zinc, lead, anti- mony, slate, and granite — contains also the cele- brated sulphur springs of Saint-Sauveur, and the hot baths of Bagn&res, Bareges, and ('ante rets. Caiiital. Tarbes. Population, in 1893,218,- 973; in 1001, 215.546. HAUTE- VIENNE, <5t'vyen'. A west central department of France, formed mainly from por- tions of the old Limousin and Marche. Area, 2130 square miles. It is traversed l)y the Mnnts du Limousin, ranges of low hills, well wooded, and intersected by fertile valleys. The Vienne River crosses the department from east to west. Rye, wheat, and other cereals are cultivated in the valleys; cattle are raised on the extensive meadow lands, and chestnuts are grown for local consumption and export; the soil gener- ally, however, is stony, and agriculture is in a backward condition. Mines of iron, lead, cop- jjcr, and antimony are worked; granite and building-stone are quarried, and in the south, near Saint-Vrieix, there are valuable deposits of kaolin, from which the porcelain factories of S&vres and Limoges draw in part their sup- plies. Capital, Limoges. Population, in 1896, 375,724; in 1001, 381,753. HATJTLEIN, ft'th'iN', JIarquis de. The court- ly Frencli nolileman at whose castle Sir Walter Scott professes to have gathered the materials for his novel Quentin Ditniarcl. HATJT-RHIN, o'rax'. A former department of France. See Belfort, Terbitouy of, HAtJY, j'l'we', REN^fi .Ju,ST (1743-1822). A French mineralogist, born in Saint-.Tust, France, He was educated for the Church, and took priest's orders. While engaged in teaching in Paris, he acquired a fondness for botany, but, subsequent- ly, hearing Daubenton lecture on mineralogy, he developed an interest in that science. The accidental dropping of a crystal of calcit* re- vealed to him the geometric law of crystalliza- tion, on which subject he published more than a hundred papers. During the Revolution he was thrown into ])rison, hut was released through the influence of Geoffrey Saint-Hilaire. In 1703 he was appointed on the Commission of Weights and Measures, and in 1704 became keeper of the Cabinet of Jlines. Subsequently, in 1802, he became ju'ofessor of mineralogy' in the Jluseiun of Natural History in Paris, where his magnificent collection of crystals is still preserved. Besides being an honorary canon of Notre Dame, he was a member of the French Academy, and of other "scientific societies. Abbe Haiiy's principal works are; Traild de minera- logie (1801), in which he contended that the crystalline form should be the princijial clement in the determination of a mineral; Trniti- 6lc- mentaire de phi/sii/Ke (1803) ; Trnite des chnrae- teres phtjaiqiies des pierren preci^uses (1817); Trnite de enjKlalloqraphie (1882), HA'tJY, Valentin (1745-1822). A French ablie, brother of the preceding, who invented methods for teaclung the lilind. He was born in Saint-.Tust, and it is said that his interest in a pianiste stricken with blindness first stimu- lated his search for a means to alleviate the