Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/690

* HAUBAN. 632 HAUSER. HATJRAN (Arabic el-Eauran, Gk. Aipavtris, Aurdnilia). A district of Syria, east of the Jor- dau (Jlap: Turkey in Asia, GO). In a wider sense the name is used to designate the Turkish province including Hauran proper, Jedur, Jaulan, and part of the hill-country south of the Yar- niuk. Whether the Hauran mentioned by Asshur- banipal (B.C. G68-G26). on the Rassam cylinder (vii. Ill), was intended as a designation of this larger territorj' cannot be determined. But in Ezek. .'ilvii. lG-18, .Jaulan is clearly included in the description. In a narrower sense Hauran ex- tends east of Jaulan to the desert and from the district of Damascus to the Yarnndv. This tract of land includes: (1) en-Nukra, 'the cavity'; (2) el-Leja, 'the refuge'; and (3) el-Jebel, 'the mountains.' En-Xukra is a hollow east of Jau- lan. south of el-Leja, and M'est of Jebel ed-Druze, 1.500 to 2000 feet above sea-level, with an exceed- ingly rich soil, formed by decomposed volcanic matter. El-Leja is composed entirely of lava found in great masses and in fantastic shapes, with little vegetation. El-.Jebel is the high moun- tain region, with the loft.y peaks of el-Kuleib and the fortress of Salkhad. The oldest monument is probably the so-called Job-stone at Sheikh Saad, which is now known to have been erected by rtameses II. (about B.C. l.SOO). The underground dwellings are wq, doubt nuieh older. None of the cities of which ruins now exist can be regarded as older than the Gr.Tco-Roman period ; but there may have been older cities on the same sites. Great houses, built entirely of basalt, have been ]>erfectly preser-ed, and arouse the amazement of travelers. Numerous Greek inscriptions liave been found, both Christian and pagan. A rail- road extends from Damascus to Mzerib. Consult: Wetzstein, I'eisehericht iiher Hauran und die Trachonen (Berlin, 18(iO) ; Schumacher, Across the Jordan (London, 1SS.3) : Merrill, East of the Jordan (New Y'ork, I88:i) ; G. A. Smith, Histori- cal Oeofiraphii of the Holy Land (London, 1895). HATTREATT, o'ra'o', Jean Barth^lemt (1812-00). A French historian and politician, born in Paris. He was educated in the colleges of Louis le Grand and Bourbon, and became a revolutionary writer on the staff of several metropolitan newspapers before he went to edit the Courrier de la Sartha (18,38-45) in Le Mans, where he also became city librarian. Thence he returned to the National in Paris, and after the Revolution of 1848 he was made keej)er of the manuscripts in the National Library, retaining the position until the coup d'etat of December 2, 1852. He was sent by the Department of Sarthe to the Constituent Assembly, .after the dissolution of which he abandoned politics. He was made librarian of the Ordre des Avocats in 1861, and director of the National Printing Of- fice in 1870, but retired in 1882. He was com- mander of the Legion of Honor from 1878. He wrote Francois I. et sa cour (1853); Charle- wagne et sa cour (1854); Gallia Christiana (1856-65) ; and Histo-ire de la philosophie seho- lastique (1872-80), his best-known work, HAXT'BIENT (from Lat. haurie-ns. pres. part, of haurire. to draw water). A term in heraldry (q.v. ), applied to a fish placed upright per pale. HATJSA (hou'sa) STATES, or HATJSA LAND. A term of ethnographical rather than geographical significance. It now designates that part of Nigeria ( q.v. ) which lies north of the Benue and Niger rivers. It embraces the kingdoms of Sokoto (q.v.) and Nupe. The former includes the sub-sultanate of Gando, and the Kalam, iliiri, Bautchi, and Jauri territories, and the Adaiuawa Empire. Bornu borders on the east, and the Niger from Lokodja to Birni borders on the west. The total area is estimated at 150,000 square miles, with about 4,000,000 in- habitants. The Hausa people are negroes with nuich admixture of other races — Tuareg, Berber, Eulah, etc. Their cranial index, or ratio of head- width to head-length, is 77.3. They arc said to be intelligent, industrious, and hospitable, and are cne of the most civilized races of Central Africa. They engage in agriculture, cattle-raising, and commerce, and make good artisans. They form a large part of the military forces of Great Brit- ain in Nigeria, and also of the Congo Free State. For the most part they have adopted Mohamme- danism from their conquerors, the Fulahs. The Hausa language has become that of trade over a large region to the westward and northward to the Barbary States. It represents an isolateel branch of the Hamitic family of languages. An associa- tion for its study was formed in London in 1892, and a professorship has been established at Cam- bridge. Another race foiuid in the region is the Tuculor. The Hausa Empire is supposed to have been very powerful about the middle of the fifteenth century. It gradually became divided up into States, some of which represented the highest civilization of the Sudan. The Fulahs entered the country gradually, and in the early part of the nineteenth century made themselves ma.sters of the whole region. Consult: Robinson, Hatisaland '(London, 1896); Hausa, Literature (Cambridge, 1896) ; Hausa Grammar (London, 1897) ; Robinson and Brooks, Hausa Dictionary (Cambridge, 1899-1000). There are also gi-am- mars bv Schoen (London, 1862) and Slarre (Vienna, 1901). HAUSEGGER, hou'zeg-er. Friedrich von ( 1837 — ) . An Austrian writer on musical theory, born at Vienna. He studied music with Salz- mann and Otto Dessoff, and, after practicing law for some time at Gratz, became in 1872 a teacher of music at the university there. His most im- portant book is Musik als Ausdrrwk (1885), and Richard Wagner und Schopenhauer (1892) and T'om. Jenseits des Kiinstlers (1893) are also valuable. HATJSER, houz'er, Franz (1794-1870). A Bohemian opera singer, born at Prague. He was a jnipil of Tomaschek, and had a remarkable barytone voice. From 1817 to 1837 he sang with great success in Prague, Dresden, Vienna, Lon- don, Berlin, etc.. and from 1846 to 1864 was di- rector and singing teacher at the Munich Con- servatory. He had a splendid collection of Bach's works, and his correspondence with Hauptmann and Mendelssohn is interesting. He died at Freiburg, Baden. HATJSER, MiSKA (1822-87). An Hungarian violinist, born at Pressburg. He was a pupil of Kreutzer and Joseph Matalay, and of the Vienna Conservatory. He made successful concert tours of Europe, America, Australia, and India, and composed a good deal of violin music. He published Aus dem Wanderhuch eines oster- rrirhischen Virtiwsen (1858-59), which was an account of his American trip. He died at Vienna.