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* HASSENPFLUG. 619 HASTINGS. pflug retired to Marburg, where he died seven years afterwards. HASSENSTEIN, hiis'en-stin, Bruno (1830- 1902). A (ieniian cartographer, horn at Riihla. His work includes revisions of Fay's (trt'at Out- line of GtO(iriiphy (1SG9), and Sjiruner's Hand- atlas (1871-79) ; a new atlas of Japan (1885) ; and in Petermanns Mitteilungen, maps of most of the important exploring expeditions since 1878. especially of the countiy covered by Jun- ker. Emin Pasha. Hans ilcyer, and Sven Hedin. HASSI/EB, has'lPr, Ferdinand Rudolph (1770-1843). A Swiss-American engineer ; born in Aarau, Switzerland. He was employed for a time on the trigonometrical survey of Switzer- land, subsequentl.y emigrated to the United States, and was acting professor of mathematics at West Point from 1807 to 1810. and at Union College in 1810-11. He was the first superinten- dent of the United States Coast Surve.y, and for many years was chief director of that important work. He was afterwards at the head of the Bureau of Weights and Measures in the Treasury Department. His publications include a System of the Universe, and valuable reports to Congress on weights and measures, besides several text- books of science. HASSLER EXPEDITION. The name given to the United States Coast Surve.v expedition of 1871, in the steamer Hassler (see Hassler, F. E. ), which was the first important scientific ex- pedition sent by the Government for marine ex- ploration. The expedition included Prof. Louis Agassiz and Mr.s. Agassiz; Dr. F. Steindaeher, ichth.yologist ; Dr. Thomas Hill, botanist; and Count L. F. de Pourtales, ilr. J. A. Allen, and others. The steamer left Boston December 4, 1871, and reached San Francisco in August, 1872. On the way to Saint Thomas surface observations were made. Deep-sea dredging was done at Bar- badoes and along the Brazilian coast. At the Straits of Magellan frequent stops were made, and at particularly interesting places several days were spent, and inland excursions were made, especiall.v to examine glaciers. Through- out the route collections were made, and much of this material was deposited in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass. Some of the zoological results of the expedition have been published bv Agassiz, Lyman, and Pour- tales. HASSTJNITES, has'si.m-Its. A name given to the followers of Anton Hassun (1809-84), an Armenian patriarch. Hassun desired to acknowl- edce the supremacy of the Pope and attended the Vatican Council of 1870. A considerable number of the Armenians were opposed to Hassun, and chose the Bishop Kupelian in his place. After much strife Hassun was banished b.y the Sultan. Kupelian acknowledged the Pope in 1879, and Hassun, who had been allowed to retura to Con- stantinople, was acknowledged by the Govern- ment as head of the Armenian Catholics in Tur- key. The anti-Hassunites also submitted to the Pope. In 1880 Hassun resigned, went to Rome, and was made a cardinal. HASTINAPtrRA, has'ti-na'poTvra (Skt., Elephant City). An ancient city of India, on the bank of the Ganges, some fifty miles northeast of the present city of Delhi, and prob- ably one of the earliest Aryan settlements out- ■VoL. IX. ^0. side of the Punjab. Its importance lies in the fact that it forms a central point of the princi- pal scenes of the MahCihhCtrata. It was the resi- dence and capital of the Kuru family; whereas their rival and noble cousins, the Pandus, built their royal city at Indraprastha, or Indrapat, nearly on the site of the modern Delhi. There are but few traces of the ancient city Hastina- pura remaining, though tradition points to a group of shapeless mounds as being the residence of the princes of ihe House of Bharata whose deeds are commemorated in the great national epic. HASTINGS, hast'ingz. A Parliamentaiy and county borough in Sussex, England, (m the Eng- lish Channel, ti2 miles southeast of London (Jlap: England, GO). It was the premier Cinque Port, but lost its importance after being burned by the French in 1377. It is now the largest fishing- station on the south coast, and a celebrated watering-place, largely frequented for its his- torical interest, picturesque situation, fine sandy beaches, and its healthful, bracing climate. It lies in a valley, suri'ounded by hills. Saint- Leonard's-on-Sea, a western suburlian town, has been absorbed and joined to the borough. Hast- ings has two fine piers, large tepid swimming- baths, numerous hotels, good schools, and inter- esting remains of an ancient Norman castle. The marine parade, three miles in length, is one of the finest sea w-alks and drives in the kingdom. The town owns spacious open grounds on the East and West hills, a beautiful park, three pub- lic gardens, the Brassey Institute, with public li- brary, museum, and art schools presented by Lord Brassey, a fish market, cemeterv. an excellent well-water supply, and electric-lighting supply, and maintains bath-houses and hospitals. The streets are sprinkled with sea-water, which is also supplied to private houses for bath purposes through mains. In 924 Athelstan established a mint at Ha.stings, then an important place, and there William the Conqueror landed and en- camped prior to his famous victory over Harold at Senlac Hill (now Battle Hill), which secured to him the conquest of England, on October 14, lOOG. On the spot where Harold fell William founded Battle Abbey. (See Battle Monu- ment.) William I. by charter made Hastings one of the Cinque Ports. Hastings had early municipal privileges, and received its charter of incorporation from Elizabeth. Population, in 1891, 63,000: in 1901, 65,000. Consult: Cooper, Notices of Hastinfjs (1862); Burrows, Cinque Ports (London, 1888). HASTINGS. A city and the county-seat of Barry Count.v, ISlich.. 32 miles southeast of Grand Rapids : on the Thornapple River, and on the Jlichigan Central and the Chicago, Kalama- zoo and Saginaw railroads (Map: Michigan, H 6). It has a public-school librarv. and a fine cit.v hall, court-house, and jail. The city is of importance as a manufacturing centre, its prod- ucts comprising flour, furniture, felt boots, cigars, hose-reels, pumps, car-seats, carriages and wag- ons, etc. The water-works are owned by the municipality. Population, in 1890, 2972; in' 1900, 3172. HASTINGS. A city and the county-seat of Dakota County, Minn., 20 miles southeast of Saint Paul, at the junction of the Vermillion River with the Mississippi, and on the Chicago,