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* HABVAED UNIVERSITY. 609 HARVARD UNIVERSITY. departments, aggregates 576.900 volumes ami 250.- 000 pamphlets, the largest collcotinn being at Gore Hall, wliieh contains 387.10(1 volumes. (8) The University Museum, situated at a short dis- tance from the main buildings, consists (a) of the Museum of Comparative Zoiilogy, founded in 1859 by private subscription and by the State, and grcatl.v enriched by the colU'ctions of Prof, l.ouis Agassiz and the gifts of his son; (b) the Peabody Museum of American Arch.Tology and Ethnology: (c) the Botanical Museum; and (d) the mineralogical and geological sections. The Semitic, the Fogg Art, and the Germanic Museums are each located in separate buildings. (9) The Botanic Garden, founded in 1807, oc- cupies about seven acres, on which are culti- vated about 5000 species for scientific pur- poses. (10) The Gray Herbarium includes the famous collection of Prof. Asa Gray, pre- sented to the university in 1804. (11) The As- tronomical Obsei-vatory, established in 1843, maintains a station near Arequipa, Peru, and a ^ series of meteorological stations crossing the Andes at elevations varving from 100 to 19,200 feet. In 1879 the solution of the question of higher education for women was partially begun by Harvard professors and instructors, with the organization of the Society for the Collegiate Instruction for Women. In 1894 the name of the society was changed by the General Court of Massachusetts to Radclitl'e College (q.v. ). and permission was given it to confer the ordinary collegiate degrees subject to the a|)proval of a board of visitors, composed of the president and fellows of Harvard College, under wliose direc- tion and control Radcliffe was then placed. Its immediate government is in cliarge of a council and an academic board, of which bodies the president ami dean of Harvard College are mem- bers. Instruction is given mainly by the faculty of Harvard College, and sixteen scholarships are available for worthy students. Its attendance is approximately 450. The government of Harvard University is vested in (1) a board of overseers, of which the president and treasurer are mem- bers ex-officio. and five of whom are elected an- nually for a term of six years; (2) the corpora- tion, composed of the president, treasurer, and five fellows — a self-perpetuating body, having charge of the management of the material and educational interests of the univei-sity; (3) the university council, composed of the members of the several faculties, with jurisdiction on educa- tional questions that concern more than one fac- vlty; and (4) the faculties of the several schools. .Students under any of the faculties may regis- ter in any course in the university, a provision which tends to bind more closely the interests of the several schools. The entrance requirements were gradually raised, until 1890. when the limit was practically reached ; and sciences and modern languages are now accepted at the college in lien of one ancient language. These changes have had a very wholesome efifect in forcing preparatory schools in turn to raise and broaden the standard of their courses ot stiuly. The pro- fessional schools, with the exception of the Dental School, now require matriculants to hold a col- legiate degree. The question of shortening the college course has not been definitely settled. In- dustrious students mav, however, so arrange their work as to complete the college course in three years. The university maintains a summer school under the faculties of arts and sciences, theology, and medicine, with courses designed mainly for teachers. In the summer of 1902, 945 students were enrolled. The schools issue a number of important publications, partly independent jour- nals and partly stated re|)orts in scicntilic periodicals. Important work is done 1j.' stu- dents in clubs connected with the various departments. Athletic sixirt-s are regulated by a committee representing the faculty, the graduates, and uiulergraduates. Physi- cal training is provided by the Heramenway G.yni- nasium, built in 1878, and by two athletic fields, containing tweniy-four acres. The Harvard I'nion, an elaborate students' clubhouse, the gift of Henrj- Lee Higginson, wa.s opened in 1901. In 1880 attendance at chapel was made voluntary, and. contrary to expectations, the religious side of the university has not sullered thereby. Five eminent preachers are annually appointed, with- out regard to sect, to conduct daily services at the chapel, and seats also are provided for stu- dents at the local churches at the expense of the university. Religious societies find ample ac- commodations for their meetings at the Phillips Brooks House. The grand total attendance of the university in 1903 was 5200, with a faculty numbering 534. The imiversity proj)erty. in 1902, was estimated at .$20,914,541, and consisted of grounds and buildings valued at $5,300,000, scientific apparatus, etc.. valued at .$1,500,000, and productive funds of $14,114,541. The income, exclusive of gifts and bequests to the amount of $1,095,737. was $1,430,292. The publications of the university, issued offi- cially or indirectly, are: Hnrrard Orioifal Se- ries; Hansard ftttidies in Classical Philoiogy ; Studies and Notes in Philology and Literature ; Harvard Historical Studies; Quarterly Journal of Economics ; Harrard Laie Review; Annals of the Observatory of Harvard College; Annals of Mathemalics, New Series ; Contributions from the Cryptogamic Laboratory ; Publications of the Mu- seum of Comparatir'e Zoology; Contributions from the Zoological Laboratory ; Publications of the Penbody Museum of Arehrsology and Eth- nology; The Harvard flraduates' Magazine. The presidents of Harvard since its inception have been: Plenry Dunster, 1640-54: Charles Chauncy, 1654-72: Leonard Hoar. 1672-75; Urian Oakes, "1675-81; -lohn Rogers, 1682-84; Increase Mather, 1685-1701: Samuel Willard, 170007; .John Leverett, 1708-24; Uenjamine Wadsworth, 1725-37; Edward Hol.roke. 1737-69; Samuel Locke, 1770-73; Samuel Langdon, 1774-80; •Toseph Willard, 1781-1804: Samuel Webber, 1806-10; John Thornton Kirkland, 1810-28; .Tosiah Quincv, 1829-45: Edward Everett, 1846- 49: .Tared Sparks, 1849-53; .Tames Walker, 1853- 60: Cornelius Conwav Felton, 1860-62: Thomas Hill, 1862-68; Charles William Eliot, 1869—. Consult : Pierce, Histori/ of Harvard TJnivcrsitu, lf!3(-17G(> (1833) : Quincy, The History of Har- vard University (1840) : 'Eliot, A Sl-etch of the History of Harvard Ihuvcrsili/ (1848) : Thaver. "Historical Sketch of Harvard University." in the History of Middlesex County (1890); Hill, Harvard College by an Oxonian (1895) ; Annual Report of the President and Treasurer of Har-