Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/664

* HARTZENBUSCH. 606 HARVABD UNIVERSITY. of the draiiias of Lope de Vega, Calderon, and other masters of the siglo de oro, lie did not pos- sess tile proper scientilie and critical ability. As- sociated with the stall' of the liibliotcca Xucional at Madrid, after 1844, he became chief librarian in ISU'i, and retained this post till his death. He was a member of the Academy since 1847. Consult his works in the Coleccion de escritores casleUunos (JIadrid, 1887 et seq. ) ; Fernflndez- Guerra's essaj- cm Hartzenbusch in Novo y Col- son. Aiilorcs dramaiicos coiitrniiioniiieos. HARTZ (hiirts) MOUNTAINS. See Hakz MOUXTAIN-S. HARUGARI, ha'roJvga're. A German order in the United States, named after an old Teu- tonic tribe. It was founded in 1847 as a protest against the anti-German sentiment tiien existing in the country, and had as its special objects the preservation of the German language, customs, and traditions. It was also a social, benevolent, and altruistic organization. It has at present some 300 lodges, with a total menibershio of about 30,000. HARUN AL-'RASHID, ha-roon' iil ra-shed' (?-809). The fifth of the Abbasside caliphs. He was born either on the iOth of JIarch. ..D. 763, or the loth of February, a.d. 766, and in 786 succeed- ed his elder brother, Al-Hadi in the caliphate. The administration during a considerable part of Die brilliant reign of Harun was intrusted to the Grand Vizier Yahya, head of the powerful Barmek or Barmecide family; and the energy of the ad- r.nnistration. the enfcnx-cment of order, and the general prosperity of the country proved that Harim's confidence was not misplaced. Rebel- lions were suppressed, and the integrity of the Empire was prescn'ed, saving the loss of a por- tion of North Africa occasioned by the rise of the Idrisites ( q.v. ). The capital. 13agdad, became the most flourishing city of the period. Tribute was paid to Harun from all quarters, and splen- did edifices were erected by liim at an enormous cost. Harun loved hixuiy and pleasure, was a patron of learning, poetry, and music, and his Court was the resort of the most eminent Mo- hammedans of the age. He was celebrated in countless songs and narratives; and is perhajis best known in the AVest as the caliph around whom centre the tales of the Arabian Nights. Toward (he end of his reign he conceived a hatred towai-d the Barmecides (q.v.), due. perhaps, to jcijlousy of their growing influence and power; yet he suffered the reins of government to remain in their hands for some years. In 803 he caused the Vizier, his four sons, and all their descend- ants, one only excepted, to be executed, not even excepting his favorite .Tacafar, who had been his companion in his nocturnal rambles through the streets of Bagdad. The aft'airs of the Empire felt the change ; disorders broke out in every part of the caliphate, and treason and rebellion led to civil wav. A formidable insurrection broke out in Khorassan, and Harun marched in person against the rebels. But an attack of apoplexy obliged him to remain behind in Tus, where he sonn afterwards died in the month of March. 800. While Harun was an enlightened monarch, he was a thorough Oriental despot, who has been some- what idealized in popular tradition. Consult: Muir, The Caliph-ate (London. 1801) ; Osborn, Islam Under the Khali fs of liarjdad (London, 1878) ; Palmer, Earoiin Alraschid (London. 1881) ; Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen (Jlaimheim and Stuttgart, 1840-62). HARU NO MIYA, ha'n.i m', me'ya, YoSHl- HiTO (1870 — ). The Crown Prince of .Japan. He was named heir apparent on Novciulx'r 3. 1889, and in I'.IOO married the Princess Sada Fudshi- wara. HARUS'PICES (Lat., 'inspectors of en- trails'). Roman soothsayers. They seem to have come originall}' from Etruria, whence the Romans derived many of their religious institutions. Their art, haruspicinu, whicii in many respects was like that of the augurs (see Auguries and Auspices), consisted in interpreting the will of the gods by inspecting the entrails of the ani- mals offered in sacrifice (hence they ai'e also called cxtispicns), and by observing other circum- stances connected with the ofl'erings, such as the willingness or unwillingness of the victim to come to the altar, the flame, the smoke, etc. They took indications also from earthquakes, lightning, and all other extraordinary phe- nomena of nature called porlenlu. The harnspices did not equal the augurs in dignity and respect; they were regarded rather as media of communi- cation with heaven than as possessing any inde- jiendent religious authority. They had no organ- ization, like the augurs ; they did not, in earlier times, at least, form a collegium, nor had they a magistcr. They were, however, at one time con- sidered of great importance; but in later times their art fell into disrepute with the more Intel-- ligent portion of the Roman citizens. Some of the later emperors, especially Alexander Severus. en- deavored to revive and encourage the art of the liamspices, but it was finally abolislied by Con- stantine. Their sacred boc5ks were called libri li'iriispicini, fiilfjiiniles, and tonitruales. Con- sult Bouche-Lcclercq, Histoire de la divination dans Viiiitiiiuite (Paris, 1870-82). HAR'VARD, John (1607-38). An English clcrgiTiian in New England, the principal founder of Harvard College, born in Southwark, London. His father. Robert Harvard, was a butcher. His mother, who married twice after her first hus- band's death, became possessed of considerable ])roperty, which enabled her to give John Har- vard .a good education, and he was accordingly sent to Emmanuel College, Cambridge University, where he graduated in 1631, studied theology, and took his master's degree in 1635. In 1637 he n-^arried Ann Sadler, the daughter of a elergy- nvm of Sussex, and removed to New England. There he settled at Charlestow'n, on ISIassachu- setts Bay. where he was admitted a freeman in August, and where he became an assistant pastor of the First Church, of which the Rev. Z. Svmmes was in charge. His health soon gave way. how- ever, and he died of consumption on September 18, 1638. after a residence in the Colony of little more than a year. By his will he left his library of 260 volumes and a sum of about £400 to the college at 'New- Towne,' later Cambridge, for which the General Court of the Colony had made an appropriation of £400 in 1636. A year after t)ie young clergyman's death, in commemoration of his benefaction, the name of Hai'vard was con- ferred upon the institution. Consult Rendle. John Tliin-ard (London, ISSo). HARVARD UNIVERSITY. The oldest in- stitution of higher education in the United States, situated at Cambridge, Mass. It had its incep-