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* HART. 595 HART. 1001); Source Book of American History (IS'JO) ; Life of Salmon P. Chase (1890, in the "American Statesmen Scries") : Foundations of Antericati Foreign Policy (1001). He was a member of the committee of seven of the Ameri- can Historical Association, appointed to consider the subject of history teaching in the secondary schools, and was one of the authors of their Report (1809). In 1902 lie was chosen editor-in- chief of the cooperative history of the United States projected under the auspices of the Ameri- can Historical Association. HART, Ch.eles Henky (1847—). An Ameri- can author, born in Philadelphia. He was ad- mitted to the bar in 1808. and graduated at the University of Pennsylvania the next spring. He practiced law until 1804, when he met with an accident, after which he gave his attention entirely to literature. In 1884 he was elected director of the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and afterwards chairman of the committee on retrospective American art at the World's Columbian Exposition (1803). His publications include: Bibliofirapliin Lincolniana. reprinted under the title Bior/raphical Sketch of Abraham Lincoln (1870); Life Portraits of Great Ameri- cans; Gilbert Stnart's Portraits of Women; and Engraved Portraits of Washington. HART, Ernest Abb.iham (183508). An English physician and reformer, born of Jewish parentage at Knightsbridge, London. He became a student at Saint George's Hospital, receiving part of his medical education at Lane's School of Sfedicine in Grosvenor Place, where he was appointed a demonstrator in his third year. He was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in 18;)6, and was house surgeon at Saint Mary's Hospital after being associated with William Coulson in general practice. In 1800 he became surgeon to the West London Hospital, but re- turned to Saint Mary's in 1863 first as ophthal- mic, then as aural surgeon, and finally as dean of the medical school. In 1863 he became eoeditor of the London Lan- cet, and in 1866 he was made the editor of the British Medical Journal, a position which he filled until his death. He also edited the Medical Record from 1873. and the Sanitarii Record from 1874. He was president of the Han-eian Society of London in 1868 and 1803. Hart was above all a reformer. In 1854 he led the agitation which compelled the Admiralty to remove naval assistant surgeons from the cockpit to more fit- ting quarters; in 1888 he made strenuous efforts to ameliorate the position of military medical officers; and in 1802 he called attention to the grievances of Irish dispensary doctors. Sanitary reforms occupied him throughout all his life. His earliest sanitary investigations were carried out in connection with the Lancet commission for the nursing of the sick poor in the Metropolitan Workhouse infirmaries. His exposure in 1872 of the evils of the system of baby-farming was instrumental in leading to the passage of an act for the protection of infant life. Cotlee-taverns, the National Health Society, and the abatement of the smoke nuisance in large towns had his strong support. In 1804 he engaged in a cam- paign against the system of barrack schools, where hundreds of paujier children herded to- gether till they became subject to chronic dis- eases, and were drilled until thej' were little bet- ter than automata. His most important publications include: On Diphtheria (London, 1850) ; On Some of the Forms of Diseases of the Fye (London, 1864) ; A Manual of Public Health (London, 1874) ; Hypnotism. .Uesmerism, and the Xcw Witchcraft (London, 1803 and 1806) ; Essays on State .Medi- cine (London, 1804). He also originated the series of biographies known as Masters of Medi- cine. HART, James McDougal (1828—). An .iiiorican landscape painter. He was born at Kilmarnock, Ayrshire, Scotland, May 10, 1828, and came to America in 1831. He was a pupil of his brother, William Hart, also of Schirmer, , at Dusseldorf, in 1851. He established a studio in New York, and was elected member of the National Academy in 1850. His favorite subjects are American forests with autumnal effects. Among his principal works are: "On the Croton;" "Summer on the Bouquet River;" "jMorning in the Adirondacks :" "Summer Memory of Berk- shire;" "Adirondacks" (1858), Walters Collec- tion, Baltimore; "Through Dust Clouds" ( 1870) ; "Princess Lily" (1882); "Boughs for Christ- mas;" "In the Old Orchard;" "Oaks in Autumn;" "Landscape with Cattle," Metropolitan Jluseum, New York. HART, .Limes Morgan (1839 — ). An Ameri- can scholar and educator, born at Princeton, N. J.. He .studied at Princeton University, where he graduated in I860, and further at GiJttingen, Ger- many; was assistant professor of modern lan- guages at Cornell from 1868 to 1872, and at the University of Cincinnati, Ohio, held the chair of modern languages and English literature in 1876-90. In the latter year he returned to Cor- nell as professor of rhetoric and English philol- ogy. His publications include translations from the German and French ; very serviceable edi- tions, with brief notes, of Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea (1875) and Faust (part i. 1876), and Schiller's Piccolomini (1875) ; an informing an4 interesting work on German Universities ( 1874) ; and a Handbook of English Composition (1805). HART, Joel (1810-77). An American sculp- tor. He was born in Clark County, Ky. He re- ceived but little education, and at the age of twenty he worked with a stone-cutter. The talent v>-Iiieh he displayed in clay-modeling attracted at- tention, as did especially his marble bust of Cas- sius yi. Clay, and in 1849 he went to Florence to ^ execute a commission for a statue of Henry Clay, given him by the Ladies' Clay Association of Vir- ginia. His first model was lost during the voyage by shipwreck, and the statue itself, which is now in Richmond, Va., was not completed till 1859. Hart executed two other statues of the same statesman — one of marble, in the court-house at Louisville. Ky., and a colossal bronze statue at New Orleans. He resided at Florence, producing many statues and busts. The most important of these are: "Angelina." "II Penseroso." and "Woman Triumphant." He also invented a me- chanical device for obtaining the outlines of a head from life, the application of which gave some vogue to his portrait busts. He died at Florence, Italy, ilarch 2, 1877. HART, .John ( 1708-80). A signer of the Dec- laration of Independence, born in New Jersey.