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* HAKBIS. 586 HARRIS. The Siege of Rhodes (1681), written by Sir Wil- liam Davenant, to whose company he belonged. He also played ShakosiK-arean rOles in the same cast as Betterton. was said to bo nearly as clever in the creation of character and quite as versatile, his range extending from Romeo to Sir Frederick Frolie in Love in a Tub. He is mentioned in Pepys's Dian/ as a very airy gentleman, and it is also on record that he maimed a brother actor for life by fencing without a button on his foil. HARRIS, Joseph (182S-92). An agricultural writer. Ho was born at Shawbury, England. A descendant of generations of farmers, he early evinced an interest in rural affairs. This led him into the study of agricultural chemistry, which he pursued with Lawes and Gilbert at Rothamstcd, and which formed the basis of many of his writings. At the age of twentj'-one he came to America, and in 1864 began writing for the agricultural press. He continued his work along these lines and in 1884 began a compre- hensive series of articles, 171 in all, entitled "Walks and Talks on the Farm," the first of which appeared in the Genesee Fan>ier, of which he was editor, and the remainder in the American Agiieulturist. to which the Genesee Farmer had been sold. Perhaps none of his other writings exercised so w ide an inlluence in paving the way for improved farming and earned for him so higli a place in American agriculture. They are ac- tual talks with a neighbor, and not, as many sup- pose, with an imaginary person. Among his other writings may be mentioned his books: Harris on the Pip (New York, 1888) : Talks on Manures (New York, 1883) ; and Gardening for Young and Old (New York, 1882). The last book, his final volume, is intended mainly to fos- ter a love of plants and gardening in the hearts of a rising generation. HARRIS, Mrs. A mythical personage, fre- quently mentioned in Dickens's Martin Chu:::le- icit. by Sairey Gamp (q.v.), who u.ses her as an authority to give her own opinions additional force. HARRIS, Robert (1849—). A Canadian fig- ure and portrait painter, born in Carnarvon- shire, Wales. He began his artistic career by illustrating, and then went to Europe (1877), and studied in London at the Slade School, and in Paris under Bonnat, and exhibited at the Salon and Academy. Afterwards he settled in Montreal, and became a popular poi-trait painter. His works include "Fathers of the Confederation" (1883) and "ileeting of the School Trustees," the first painted for and the second purchased by the Canadian Government. In 1893 he was elected president of the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts. HARRIS, Samuel (1814-99). An American Congregational theologian, born in East Machias, Maine. He graduated at Bowdoin College in 1836, and at Andover Theological Seminary three years later. He taught, and occupied Congregational pulpits until 18.5.5, when he was chosen profes- sor of systematic theology in the Bangor Semi- nary. He was president of Bowdoin from 1867 to 1871, and then became professor of systematic theology in the Yale Divinity School. Among his publications the most important are: The Philosophical Basis of Theism (1883) ; The Self- Revelation, of God (1887) ; and God, Creator and Lord of All (1897). HARRIS, Thaddeus William (1795-1856). An American entomologist, born at Dorchester, Mass. He graduated at Harvard in 1815. and be- came a practicing ph3-sician, but devoted a great part of his time to the study of natural historj-. In 1831 he became librarian of Harvard. He was a member of the State Commission appointed in 1837 to make a botanical and zoological survey of Massachusetts, and devoted himself particularly to the preparation of a Systematic Catalogue of the Insects of Massachusetts. He foxmded the Harvard Students' Natural History Society and the JIassachusetts Horticultural So- ciety, and piiblished a valuable report on Insects Injurious to Vegetation (1841; new ed. 1852). HARRIS, Thomas Lake (1823—). An American spiritualist, born at Fenny Stratford, England. In 1827 his parents settled in Utica, N. Y. His father failed in business, and the son began to write for the press at an early age. He became a L'niversalist preacher at !Minden, N. Y.. in 1844. Soon afterwards he organized a 'Chris- tian Society' in New York; and then embraced spiritualism, and joined a community at Moun- tain Cove. Va. From the common spiritualistic doctrine he soon broke away, and in 1861 or- ganized a community, which was settled succes- sively at Amenia and Brocton, N. Y., and then at Santa Rosa, Cal. Harris wrote: Truth and Light in Jesus (1860); The Millennial Age ( 1861 ) ; and an historical sketch. The Trent .if- fair (1896). On his Brotherhood of the New Life, consult Allen, T. L. Harris, the Seer (Lon- don, 1897). HARRIS, Tow^'SE^'D (1804-78). The first representative of the United States in Japan. He was born at Sandy Hill, N. Y. Educated at home, he moved at the age of fourteen to New York City, and entered upon a business life as a leather-merchant. He was strict and diligent in self-culture, and much interested in popular education. While serving two terms as president of the Board of Education, he succeeded in spite of much opposition in getting established the New York Free Academy, now the College of the City of New York. In 1848 he projected ami entered upon a trading and exploring voyage on the Pacific, and during the five years spent in it he gained much information in regard to Orientals and their ways. He served as consul at Ninapo in 1854, and in 1855, on the nomina- tion of ViIliani H.Seward and Commodore Perry, he was appointed by President Pierce to be the first Consul-General to .Japan, in accordance with the provisions of the treaty which Commodore Perry had made with the Shogun's Government in 1.S54. On his way out he negotiated a treaty with Siam. On September 4, 1856. he raised at Shimoda the United States consular flag — the first foreign flag to float over any part of .Japan. Refusing to deliver the letter of the President of the United States to the Shogim. except in personal audience, he succeeded, after eighteen months' parleying, and entering Yedo November 30, 1S57, he had audience with the Shogun in his palace on December 7th. The next four months were spent in treaty negotiations, and after much opposition and many delays, he secured the signature of Premier li to a treaty which became the model for twenty subsequent