Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/628

* HARMONIC STOP. 572 HARMONY. HARMONIC STOP. An organ-stop, having pipes double the usual length, and pierced mid- way, so that the tone produced is an octave higher than the ordinary pitch. Harmonic stops are composed generally of more than a single rank of pipes, tuned in octaves, double octaves, and double or triple thirds and fifths above the nat- ural pitch of the keys; they comprise the mix- ture, furniture, comet, etc. Those which have only a single rank of pipes tuned in thirds, fifths, •with their octaves above the pitch represented on the keyboard, are called 'mutation stops.' They were introduced to give additional power to the 'foundation stops,' and also to produce a more brilliant effect in the performance of cer- tain styles of music. See Organ. HARMONIOUS BLACKSMITH, The. An old tune to which Handel wrote variations, and the composition of which, after his death, was ascribed to him. The composer of the original is unknown. HARMONISTS. A communistic society, founded by George Rapp, who was born in Iptin- gen, Wiirttemberg, in 1757. He became convinced that the churches around him were not truly representative of Christ's teachings, and in 1787 began preaching a higher spiritual life. Al- though Kapp and his followers demeaned them- selves as peaceable and law-abiding subjects, they excited jealousy and opprobrium, suffered perse- cution, and were fined and imprisoned. In 180.3 they determined to emigrate to America, where a tract of 5000 acres of land was bought in Butler County, Pa., in the valley of the Conno- quenessing. Here the Harmony Society was formally organized, February 13, 1805, and its constitution was adopted, in signing which all the members agreed to throw all their posses- sions into a common stock, to live and dress simply, to hold all things in common, and to labor for the good of the whole body. In the spring of 1805 the community numbered about l'J5 families, or not quite 750 persons. In 1807 the society was stirred by a profound religious awakening. The members became convinced that it was their duty to give up marriage and adopt the principle of celibacy as being the higher and holier estate. But no marked formalities of separation were instituted. Those who had been husband and wife continued to occupy the same house, with their children, but thereafter treated each other simply as "brother and sister in Christ.' At the same time the use of tobacco was given up. Although the settlement on the Connoquenessing prospered, the location in a few years proved unsuitable to the needs of the com- munity, and in 1814 a new tract of 30.000 acres was bought in Posey County. Ind.. at the site of the present town of New Harmony (q.v.), to which the Harmonists removed during the en- suing twelve months. At this place they in- creased and prospered, their enterprises flour- ished, and their membership rose to about one thousand souls ; but they became again dissatis- fied on account of unhealthy and other unfavor- able local conditions. They sold their property to Robert D.ile Owen (q.v.l, and removed in 1825 to what became their permanent home in Bea- ver County, Pa. Here they built the village of Economy, on the Ohio River, about 20 miles north of Pittsburg, a place long celebrated as an example of neatness and industrial thrift. The community has suffered one serious division: In 1832 250 members, having become alienated umler the inlluence of a German adventurer, Bernhard Miiller, who called himself the Count de Leon, determined to withdraw, and a separation and apportioimient of property were agreed upon. The management of the connnunity was en- tirely in the hands of Rapp during his life- time. After his death, in 1847, it ])assed to a board of elders, of whom Jacob Henrici was most prominent as trustee. Since 1891 John S. Duss has been the active manager. With not a few vicissitudes, tiiroughout much of its career, the society has enjoyed great prosperity. In 1874 its property was valued between $2,000,000 and .$3,000,000, and it had then 110 members, besides 25 or 30 children and hired laborers. The United States census in 1890 g.ave it 340 members. It was about that time heavily indebted, but has since been nearly freed from its obligations. The adoption of celibacy checked the growth of the sceiety, and tended to repel converts. At pres- ent (November, 1902) the membership has fallen to eight. Plans for the restoration of the com- munity are said to have been formed. Consult: Aaron Williams, 77ie Barmony Society at Econo- iiiij. PeiDisiilvaiiia, Founded by George Rapp. A.D. ItiOo, uith an Appendix (Pittsburg. 1876) ; Charles Nordhoff, The Communistic Societies of the United States (New York, 1874) ; William Alfred Hinds, American Communities (rev. ed., Chicago, 1902). HARMO'NIUM (Neo-I.at., from Gk. apfiorioc, harmonios, harmonious). A reed organ with bel- lows which are operated by the feet of the per- former. The tone is produced by free vibrating reeds. The harmonium is a development from the older regal (q.v.). In 1810 Grenie exhibited the first harmonium, which he called orgue cxpressif, because' this instrument was capable of greater expression, as well as of producing a crescendo and diminuendo. A. Debain, of Paris, improved ii, and first gave it the name of harmonium when he patented his instrument in 1840. A complete revolution in the construction of the harmonium was begun in America when a mechanic who had worked in the factory of Alexandre in Paris emigrated to America. This man conceived the idea of a suction bellows, instead of the ordinary bellows which forced the air outward through the reeds. The firm of Mason & Hamlin, of Boston, in 1860 made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others. HARMONY (Lat. harmonia, Gk.apiwvia, har- mony), The science which treats of chords, their structure, relation, progression, and resolution. .•s such it forms to-day the fundamental branch of the science of musical composition. All tones are regarded as elements of some fundamental chord, and for this reason the voices lose much of their individual freedom which they have in counterpoint, but are regarded more as affecting the relations of successive chords. As taught to- day, harmony comprises the study of intervals, chords, their structure, inversions, and chromatic alterations; progression of the various voices; suspensions, anticipations, and passing notes; modulation. Harmony, in our acceptation of the term, was tinknown to the ancients. Only in the tenth century did a Flemish monk, Hucbald. con- ceive the idea of setting a second voice a fifth