Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/618

* HAREL. 562 ceeded his grandfather as host of the inn A la Croix l<uiitt-AHdrc : early sliowed himself master of a simple and beautiful lyric style; was elected a member of the Academy of Caen; and in 18S7 received a prize from the French Academy. He published: Hoiis les poiiiinicrs (1879); Gousscs (I'tiil, ct Flciirs de scrpolet (1881); Lcs vingt- hiiit jours du caporal liulhuidard, with Le Vavas- seur (1882) ; Rimes dc hrwhc ct d'cpee (1883) ; Aiix chumps (18SG); La hauterie (1889); the less successful play, L'herbager (1891); and ^'oix dr la ijlt'be (1895). HARELIP. A deformity of the lip, frequent- ly involving also the roof of the mouth, con- sisting of a cleft through these structures, to one side of the median line, or on each side of it. Median fissure occurs at times, but is very un- usual. It exists at birth, and the lip should be repaired during early infancy by operation. The cleft palate should be left till the bones have fully developed with adult life, and may then be repaired, or the opening may be closed with an obturator. In the ordinary (single cleft) form, the mouth of the babe resembles that of a eat or hare. The double-cleft palate is rare. See Degeneracy. HARELIP, or CUTLIPS. An elongated suck- er (LiKiijchiiii laccra). ccmimon in clear streams of the central Mississippi Valley. It is remark- able for having the lower lip divided into three distinct lobes, and otherwise strangely modified. Hence many local names, as 'splitmouth,' 'rabbit- mouthed sucker,' and 'pea-lip sucker.' HA'REM (Ar. lliarim. forbidden, from khar- (I ma. to exclude). The name given in Mohamme- dan countries to the apartment in a dwelling set aside for the female members of the household. The tenii is also applied to the ground around a mosque, and particularly to the mosques at Mecca and iledina. The Koran enjoins that women shall be discreet in their association with the other sex, and forbids them to expose face or ]ierson except to a husband, father, son. or certain intimate male relatives (Sura xxiv. 31; xxxiii. 53-55). But such injunctions are not peculiar to Islam, and the extraordinary precautions ob- served by ilohammedans with respect to their women represent a deeply rooted Oriental idea much older than the rise of Islam. The setting aside of a special apartment for women in a house is but one of these precautions, and nn- douhtedly antedates the time of Mohammed. Tlie excavations conducted at Susa by Dieulafoy in- dicate that the palaces of the Persian kings con- tained a separate wing for the women, a view which is in accord with certain allusions in the Book of Esther (v. 12; vii. I). In other books of the Old Testament there are also allu- sions to a special woman's apartment, and from the fact that in Babylonian kharimtu is one of the names for woman, we may conclude that al- ready in ancient ^Mesopotamia the women were kept in a greater or lesser degree of seclusion. It is. however, due to the influence of Islam that the harem as an institution has been so risid'y maintained in the East. It is at the risk of life that a non-believer or a male IMohammedan who does not fall within the prescribed category of husband, father, son. or other intimate relative enters the harem of a IMohannnedan householder, to which there is always a separate entrance. While within the household the social intercourse HAREN. between husband and wife is quite free, the wife or the wives of a mau, attended by servants, mostly females, lead to a large extent isolated lives. The women visit one another, and spend most of their time in each other's apartments, tlestrictions of various kinds are imposed on them when they leave these apartments. They are to be veiled when appearing in the street, are accompanied by a male servant, and it is equiva- lent to loss of caste for a woman to be seen ill company with a man unless veiled and in the presence of her husband. The harem as an insti- tution is not necessarily connected with po- lygamy, for although a Mohammedan has by the law of the Koran the riglit to take four wives, there are comparatively few householders who avail themselves of this rather costly privilege. One w'ife or a wife and a concubine form the rule, and it is mostly in the case of persons occupying a high official position that several wives are gathered together under one roof. By an unwrit- ten law the Sultan has the right to seven wives, and an indefinite number of concubines, but it should be added that the tales of an extensive harem maintained by the rulers of Turkey arc largely exaggerated, and rest upon a confusion between actual wives (or concubines) and female attendants and slaves, of which there are of course large nmnbers in a royal household. The harem customs and the treatment accorded the women vary considerably in the various Mo- hammedan countries — Egjpt, Syria. Arabia, Per- sia, Turkey, and India. In general more liberties appear to be allowed the women of the harem in Turkey ami India than elsewhere; but it must be remembered that even where the women are under the strictest surveillance, longstanding custom has deprived the technical imprisonment of any sense of degr.adation ; and from the JIo- hammedan point of view, it is not for the purpose of humiliating women that the harem as an in- stitution has been introduced. Care is exercised to- preserve the position of the 'chief wife, who takes rank above the others. In case a man has several wives, the latter may exact of their husband that each be provided with a separate apartment, consisting of at least a bedchamber and a kitchen. Within the harem, however, the woman reigns supreme; there she entertains her female friends, and there, surrounded by attendants to look after her wants, she spends her days with her children. The most objectionable features of the liarem from the sociological and moral point of view are the idleness and vacuity of the life there, and the time-honored employment in large and particular- ly in royal households of eunuchs as supervisors of the harem and as attendants. Most of the tales of cruelty, immorality, intrigue, and crime to be found in works descriptive of harem life in the past may be traced to these features. Consult: Lane, Maimers and Customs of the Modern Egyp- tians (London. 1837) : Emmeline Lott, Harem Life in Egt/pt and Constantinople {'London. 1869). Lady IMary Wortley Montagu's letters may be consulted for descriptions of harem life in the Sultan's household in the eighteenth centurv. but the picture is only in a measure applicable to present conditions. HAREN, ha'rcn. Wilmm v. (1710-68). A Dutch poet, born at Tjceuwarden. He studied there, at Francker tmder Hemsterhuys ami Heineceius, and at Groningen in the home of Jean