Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/609

* HARDINGE. 555 HAKDWAR. AVar broke out, lie hurried to the northwestern frontier of India, and served as second in com- mand under Lord Gough during the battles of iludlvi, Ferozesliali, and Sobraon. After the paei- lication of Laliore, his services wl're rewarded by a viscounty, the East India Company grant- ing him a pension of £5000. and Parliament voting him an annuitj' of £3000 for himself and his next two successors. On the death of the Duke of Wellington in 18.52. Hardinge was ap- pointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army, and filled the home command during the Russian ^'ar. He resigned through illness a few months before his death. In October, 18.5.5. he was ad- vanced to the rank of field-marshal. He died September 24, 1856, at his seat. South Park, near Tunbridge. Kent. HARD LABOR. As a form of criminal pun- ishment, hard h'bor is comparatively modern. It was introduced in England as an alternative to transportation and penal servitude. It is the crea- tion of statute law both in Great Britain and in this country. A court has no right to sentence a convicted criminal to hard labor, in addition to other pun. hment, imless a statute gives au- thority tlicrefor. Hard labor is generally author- ized by Federal as well as by State legislation. however, in most cases where the convicted ■criminal is subject to imprisonment in a State prison or penitentiary. The kind and amount of labor required of the sentenced criminal are regulated by statute or by prison rules. Consult : Stephen. Histori/ of the Criminal Laxo of Eng- land (London, I8S.3) ; Encyclojxrdia of the Laws of En'jhinrI ; Ignited .States Revised Statutes, § 5542. See Punishment. HARD'MAN, Fbedeeick (1814-74). An Eng- lish novelist and journalist. He was the son of Joseph Hardman, a London merchant, but. dis- liking the life in a counting-house for which his father intended him, went to Spain in 18.34 and served against the Carlists. In 1840 he began contributing to BlacJcu-ood's Magazine, and after ten years of literary work became foreign corre- spondent of the London Times. Among his works are: Peninsular Seenes and ftlcetehes, and The Htudent of Salamanea, both reprinted from lilaek- wood ; Central America (1852) ; and a translation of Weiss's History of the French Protestant liefvners (1854). HARDMOXJTH. A fish. See Chiselmoutii. HARDNESS, Scale of. The hardness of a solid substance may be measured by its capacity for scratching, or being scratched by. other sub- stances. The variations in degree of hardness presented by different minerals give valuable physical indications by which one mineral may be readily distinguished from others. The hard- ness of a given substance is generally determined with reference to a few well-known minerals, which form a standard 'scale of hardness,' as follows : 1. Talc. 6. Fpld.'^par. 2. fivpsum. 7. Quartz. 3. ralcite. 8, Tnpaz. 4. Fhlorit«. 9. Sapphire. 5. Apatite. 10, Diamond. Tale is easily scratched by the finger-nail; gyp- sum is not easily scratched by the finger-nail ; cal- cite has about the same hardness as coin-copper: fluorite is not scratched by a copper coin, and docs not scratch glass ; apatite scratches glass Vol. IX.— 36. with difficulty, and is easily scratched by a knife ; feldspar -scratches glass easily, and is n(jt easily scratidicd by a knife; quartz is not scratched by a knife, and yields with ditiiculty to the file; topaz, sapphire, and diamond are all harder than flint. HARDOUIN, ar'dijo'iiN', .Jean ( lt;4-1729 ) . A French scholar, born at Qtiinipor, in Brittany. He early entered the Jesuit Order, for a time lec- tured on rhetoric, and in 1GS3 became librarian in the Coll6ge Louis le Grand, Paris. His at- tainments were notable, his vagaries profound. He prepared an edition (1085) of the Ilisloria Xaiuralis of Pliny the Elder, of which Huet ob- served, with some exaggeration, that Hardouin had accomplished in five years a task f(U- which five other savants together would have rcquircil fifty: and on the other hand, he solemnly adduced theories which involved him in controversy with many of the chronologists and antiquaries of his time, and disagreement with all, and provoked his superiors to demand a public recantation ( 1708). This curious archseologist declared that the greater part of the books commonly attributed to the ancients are in reality the work of Benedic- tine monks of the iliddle Ages under the direc- tion of a hji)othetical Severus Archnntius. He accepted as genuinely classic only Homer, Herodotus, Pliny the Elder. Cicero, the Epistolw and Hatijrce of Horace, and the Gcorgics of Vergil. In all other cases allusions to Christianity, refer- ences to historical events of the iliddle Ages, or obvious allegory (as, for example, the .Eneid, which describes the voyage of Saint Paul to Rome and the proclamation of the Gospel in Italy), determine a recent origin. Similarly all coins and medals pretending to be of the antique world are the work of modern artists. .lso. despite all evidence, no council of the Ronum Catholic Church was held previous to that of Trent. Har- douin's epitaph by Jacob Vernet. professor of theology at Geneva, well reads: "Hie jacet homi- num paradoxotatos." His further publications include the titles: yummi Antiqiii Populorum et T'rhiiini Ilhistrati (1684), and Concilionim Col- Icctio Regia Maxima (1714-15). Consult De Backer, Bibliothcqve des fcrivains de la com- jiagnic de Jesus (Li&ge, 2 vols., 1853-54). HARDPAN. Tlie hard stratum of earth be- neath the layer of .surface soil, especially notice- able in alkali soils (q.v.). Sometimes this is pro- duced in arable lands by the pressing of the phnv and the trampling of the team; but it may be prevented or destroyed when formed, by plowing at varying depths. 'HARDS,' or 'HARD-SHELLS.' The nama of a short-lived faction of the Democratic Party in New York State. HARDTAIL. The name sometimes applied to the yellow mackerel. See JuBEL. HARD TIMES. A novel by Charles Dickens, which appeared as a serial in Ilonsehold M'ords, and was published in 1854. The story is a satire on tho.se who see nothing in life but sta- tistics, illustrated by the leading character, Mr. Gradorind. HARDWAR, or HURDWAR, hurd wiir' (Ilari dicara. gate nf Hari or 'ishnu). A fron- tier to-n of the Saharanpnr District. T'nited Provinces, British India, one of the most famous