Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/600

* HAPSBURG. 546 HARALD. of one family thrcatoiieil the soeinily of the other Kuropean cuunlrics, and espirially of France, which was sluit in by the possessions of Cliarlea V. The rivalry which resulted continued until the end of the eighteenth century, and brought upon Europe many wars. (See Europe.) In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the strug- gles between France and the Hapsburgs were in- volved with the religious wars. In the second half of the sixteenth century the power of the Spanish branch of the Hapsburgs received a severe blow in the revolt of the Netherlands, the northern jjrovinces of which finally achieved their independence. By the middle of the seven- teenth ccntuiy the Ilaiisburg power w'as declin- ing steadily. The Spanish branch, which after Cliarles I. (Charles V.) had been represented by Philip II., III., and IV., and Charles II., became extinct in 1700. The Austrian Hapsburgs became extinct in the male line by the death of Charles VI. in 1740. By the Pragmatic Sanction (q.v. ), however, his daughter, Jlaria Theresa, succeeded to the throne. She was mar- ried to Francis I. of the House of Lorraine, and tlieir descendants have continued to rule in Aus- tria until the present day. One of Maria The- resa's fifteen children was Marie Antoinette, the wife of Louis XVI. of France; a great-grand- daughter, Jlaria Louisa, was the wife of Na- ])oleon : another gi-eat -granddaughter was the wife of Pedro I. of Brazil : and a great-grand- son was Maximilian I. of Mexico. Consult: Lichnowsky, Geschichte des Eatises ron Habsburg (8 vols.", Vienna, 1836-44) ; Coxe, House of Atifitria (3 vols., London, 1807): Schultze, Geschichte der Ilahshurrjer in den ersteii drei Jahrhiinderten (Innsbruck, 1887) ; Weihrich, Kf/ii)iinffifcl snr Geschichte des Hav-ses Babsburti (Prague, 1892) : Hoernes, Oe^erreich-Ungarn mid das Hans Habsburg (Teschen, 1892). See genealogical table of the Hapsburg family. HAP'TERA (Neo-Lat. nom pi., from Gk. a-reif, haptcin, to fasten). A botanical term denoting organs for attachment that contain no vascular bundles, and are. therefore, not roots. They occur on various marine algie, on the ten- drils of Ampclopsis, etc. HARA-KIRI, ha'ra-ke're (.Japanese, belly- cut), or, more elegantly, SEPPUKU, sep-poo'- kii (the Japanese pronunciation of Ts'ich- fnh. to cut belly). Self-disembowelment ; a form of suicide permitted in feudal Japan among the territorial nobles and Samurai (q.v.), when un- willing to survive some disgrace. From being a custom, it had, about a.d. 1500, developed into a privilege, so that noblemen and gentlemen could demand that the form of judicial punishment be death at their own hands, instead of dying like common criminals. Tlie ceremonies and eti- quette of seppiikii became verj' elaborate, and this form of judicial suicide degenerated into execu- tion at the hands of one's best friend. Arrayed in the neatest of clothing, in a measured space, behind white curtains, the victim and his friends and the official witnesses took their places. The dirk was laid upon a tray and presented by the second, while at the moment of incision, or while the principal was stretching out his hand to seize the dirk, the 'best man' or friend of the accused took oflf the latter's head with a sweep of his sword. Then, the official witnesses having inspected and identified the head, it was reverent- ly washed by friends. With the decay of feudal- ism, the custom has fallen out of use, but is even yet occasionally practiced. Hani-karri, a form of the word hara-kiri, which is frequently found in newspapers and other more pretentious publi- cations, is erroneous, as is the translation 'hapjiy dispatch.' Consult: Jlittord, Talcs of Old Japan (London, 1870), and Chamberlain, Things Japa- nese (London, 1891). HAR'ALD, or HAR'OLD I., suniamed Haakf.ou, or F.-^iK-ILviuEU (c.850-933). King of Xorway from about SCO to about 930. He was a descendant of the ancient race of the Ynglings, and the son of Halfdan the Swarthy, the most powerful of the many jarls or i)etly kings who then ruled in Norway, According to the popular saga, Harald was induced to at- tempt the siibjugation of the whole of Norway, by his love for a beautiful maiden, named Gyda, who declared that slie would not be his wife until he was sole king of the country; and he swore that he would neither cut nor comb his hair till he had subdued all the land to bis sway — an oath which ho kept. After many years' contest with his brother jarls, and after defeating the last general confederacy of the inde{)endent Norwegian chieftains, in a naval battle at Hafrsfjord, he remained sole ruler of the land (872). Harald's severity compelled the deposed rulers to seek other homes; and his reign is memorable for the many new settle- ments which were made by these exiles in the Orkneys, the Hebrides, the Shetlands, the Farofr Islands, and Iceland, which, except Iceland, were also subdued by Harald. (See Nor- mans.) Although a barbarian, Harald ruled with a sound policy in advance of his age, and hy his firmness succeeded in su]5pressing for a time the private warfare and sea-piracy which had prevailed in Norway before his reign. The- dissensions of his numerous sons, however, checked all the good that might have resulted from his measures. To restore concord in his family, he divided his dominions among his chil- dren, but vested the supreme power in his eldest son, Eric Blodoexe, or Bloodaxe (c.930). Har- ald died about 933. Consult Boyesen, Norway (New York, 1886). HARALD, or HAROLB III., surnamed Haakdraade. or Hard Ruler (lOlo-Gti). King of Norway from 104G to 100(5. He was the son of Sigurd, chief of Ringerike, and 'a descendant of Harald I. In his bovhood he was present at the iiattle of Stiklestad in 1030. in which his broth- er, Olaf, King of Xorway, surnamed the Saint, was slain. Harald subsequently went to the- Court of JaroslafT, Grand Prince of Novgorod and Kiev, and afterwards to Constantinople, where he became captain of the Varangian body- guard of the Greek Emperors. In this office he experienced many marvelous adventures, which have supplied abundant materials for the narra- tives of the older sagas and the modern romances of the North. According to these, he took part in the expedition against the pirates of the- Mediterranean, and visited .Jerusalem, where he- fought successfully against the Saracens, whom he also defeated in eighteen pitched battles in. Sicily and Africa. On his return to Con.stanti- nople, he drew upon himself the vengeance of the Empress Zoe by an intrigue with her rela- tive, Mary, after he had rejected Zoe's proffered