Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/598

* HAN YU. 544: HAPSBUKG. to high office at Court, and loaded with honors, dying at fifty-five, in 823. He was canonized as Wcji Kiinij, "Prince of Letters,' was ennobled as Earl of C'h'angli, and in 1084 his tablet was placed in the 'i'em])le of Confucius. Many edi- tions of his works have apin^ared, and his name is venerated as the foremost scholar in China. HAPARANDA, hil'pa-riin'da. The most northerly town of .Sweden, situated near the mouth of the Torneu, near the northern shore of the Gulf of Bothnia (ilap: Sweden, L 4). It is noted chierty for its meteorological station, es- tablished in 1859, and known as one of the north- ernmost stations of the world. Population, in 1890. 1252. HAPAXANTHIC, ha'paks-an'thic, HAPAX- ANTHOUS (from Gk. a-a;, Impax, once + (irrtjc, iiiithos, flower). A botanical term ap- plied to plants that blossom and fruit only once in their life cycle. They are also characterized by the almost complete absence of vegetative reproduction. The term and its synonym, monocarpic, are in contrast to pleiocyclic. All annuals, most biennials, and a few perennials (such as the centuiy plant) are hapa.xanthic plants. HAPHTARAH, haf-tii'r.i (plural 7i«/)7i/(7rof;i, Hcb., sections, from patar, to split). The fifty- four sections from the prophets used in the syna- gogues on Sabbaths and feast-days, in connection with the same number of sections into which the law is divided, called pnrshioth. This reading of the law and prophets is alluded to in the New Testament (Luke iv. 17; Acts xiii. 15). HAPLO'MI (Neo-Lat. nom. pi., from Gk. divAoof, 7iop?oos, single -1- iJ//of, omos, shoulder). An order of soft-rayed, pike-like fishes, character- ized chiefly by the absence of the mesocoracoid bone. They are mostly inhabitants of fresh waters, and include the nuul-minnows (Um- bridiie), the pikes (Luciida-), the great group of top-minnows, killifishes, and other 'cyprinodonts' (Pceciliidoe), and the blindfish ( Amblyopsidae). HAPPY VAIiLEY, The. A blissful abode, in Johnson's Raasclan, which is shut in by moun- tain barriers from the cares and sorrows of the outside world, and accessible only through a single passage. From it the Prince of AM-ssinia starts on his journey through the world. HAPSBTJRG, or HABSBtTRG, hiips'boTirK, House of. The Imperial royal house of Austria- Hungary. It is commonly supposed to have de- rived its name from the Castle qj Habshurg. or Habiehtsburg (Hawk's Castle), on the bank of the Aar, in the Swiss Canton of Aargau. The castle is said to have been built about 1027 by Werner, Bishop of Strassburg. His nephew. Werner I., was the fir.st Count of Hapsburg: but the real founder of the House of Hapsburg was Albrecht or Albert III. (c.ll72). the son of Werner II., who. in addition to extensive estates which he had inherited in Upper Alsace, acquired several Swiss districts (in the neighborhood of Zurich, the Lake of Lucerne, etc.). To these his son. Eudolph I., added the Countship of Aar- gau. On Rudolph's death, in 12.32. his sons, Albert IV., the Wise, and Rudolph II.. divided their father's possessions — Rudolph becoming the founder of the Hapsburg-Lauffenburg line. This branch became extinct in 1415, its possessions. except the Klettgau, reverting to the Austrian line. The son and successor of Albert IV., Eudolph III., was elected to the Imperial throne of Ger- many in 1273 (as Emperor, styled Rudolph I.), and founded the greatness of the House of Haps- burg. In 1271) he vanquished Ottokar II. of Bo- hemia and forced him to give up the duchies of Austria and Styria, with other territories. In 1282 he invested his sons Albert and lludoli)h with the territories which he had thus acquired. Albert I. purchased his brother's share in 1283, and on the death of his father, in 1201, suc- ceeded to that prince's possessions, which in- cluded large districts in Switzerland. (See Au.s- TRi.-HuNG.RV. ) He was raised to the Imperial throne of Germany in 1298, and was murdered in 1308 by his nephew, .lohn the Parricide, while preparing to subdue the Swiss, who had risen in defense of their liberties. Of his six sons. Rudolph was King of Bohemia, 1306-07, and Frederick I. was one of the rival kings of Ger- many (as Frederick III.) frbm 1314 to 1322 (died 1330). For the succeeding hundred years the Imperial office was held by other fami- lies, and the Hapsburgs were occupied mainly in ruling their hereditary possessions. It was a family principle that the lands were indivisible, and that the brothers should rule jointly. This principle was neglected at times. l)ut the deaths of holders of territories which had been separated from the main possessions brought all Hapsburg lands under a single rule in 1457. and again in 1490. During this early period there were rela- tively few children, and many of the princes died without leaving heirs. This is in striking con- trast with the later Hapsburgs. who w'ere re- markably prolific, families of thirteen to fifteen children being common. From 1438 until the abdication of Francis II. in 1800, all but two of the Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (Charles VII. and Francis I.) were Hapsburgs. The house attained its greatest power through the marriage alliances in the last quarter of the fifteenth century. In 1477 Maximilian, who became Emperor in 1493 (Maxi- milian I.), married Mary of Burgimdy. daugh- ter of Charles the Bold, and thus obtained all the Burgundian possessions, which inchulcd the Netherlands, at that time the most opulent country in Europe. His son, Philip, who died in 1506, married Joanna, heiress of Spain, daugh- ter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Their eldest son, Charles I. (Charles V. of the Empire), re- ceived as his share of the family possession Naples, Sicily, and Sardinia, while the Austrian possessions (Austria, Styria. Carinthia, Carnicda, TjTol. Alsace, Breisgau, etc.) were left to him and his brother Ferdinand, jointly. His share in these last Charles relinquished to Ferdinand. In 1535 Charles added the Duchy of Milan to his possessions. Charles was the founder of the Spanish line of Hapsburgs. Ferdinand was elect- ed in 1526 to the throne of Bohemia (the Bo- hemian kingdom at this time including Moravia. Silesia, and Lusatia). which soon liecame prac- tically hereditary in the Hapsburg line. At the same time he was elected king in a part of Hun- gary, the crown of wliieh country, after the ex- pulsion of the Turks, was by violence made hereditai-y in the Austrian dynasty (1687). The union of so manv dilferent countries in the hands