Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/587

* HANNIBAL. 53a HANOI. nibal and his licutemiuts by small armies iii Jillcicnt parts of the country. Hannibal trav- ersed Hal}- in all directions, surprised the Roman generals, defeated their armies, captured their towns, such as Casilinum, Arpi, Tarentum, Meta- pontum, Tliurii. Locri, and many others; he de- feated Sentenius near Capua ; Cn. Fulvius at Herdonea ; Fulvius Flaccus on the Anio; Cris- pinus and Marcellus in Lucania; and the besieg- ing army before Locri. In all these eases the armies were almost annihilated. The defeat of Hasdrubal, his brother, at the river Metaurus, and the loss of his army, compelled Hannibal to conhne himself to the mountainous peninsula of Bruttii, where for four years he resisted all the etl'orts of the Ronuuis to dislodge him. At length, after having maintained himself in Italy for upward of fifteen years, he was recalled to Africa, to defend his country against Scipio; but notwithstanding his utmost exertions, and the bravery of his veteran troops, he was defeated by Scipio near Zama. with a loss of 20,000 men ( B.C. 202 ). Peace was concluded in the following year (B.C. 201 ). Hannibal's scheme had been baffled, but his hatred of Rome was not diminished, and he set himself to make preparations for a still more deadly struggle. He turned his attention in the first place to political reforms, and made some constitutional changes by which he placed the finances on a better footing. But his enemies ac- cused him to the Romans of stirring up An- tioehus the Great of Syria to make war on them, and when ambassadors came to Carthage Hanni- bal fled to the Court of Antiochus at Ephesus. In the war which followed he took no conspicuous part, but the King bitterly regretted afterwards that he did not take the advice of Hannibal to carry the war into Italy. When peace was con- eluded, the surrender of Hannibal was one of the conditions ; but, foreseeing such a result, he fled to Prusias, King of Bithynia, for whom he gained a naval victory over Eumenes, King of Pergamus. He was at length demanded by the Romans, and, seeing no hope of escape, he took poison, which he always carried with him for such an emer- gencv. The date of his death was probably B.C. 183." Our information about Hannibal is derived largely from Livy, Polybius, Plutarch. Appian, Cornelius Nepos. and Tonaras. For an estimate of the man, see Morris, Hannibal ( 1897 ) ; for an account of his military operations. Dodge, Han- iiihal (1891). HANTSriNGTON, James (1847-85). An English missionary, first Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa, born at Hurstpierpoint, near Brighton. He was educated at Oxford, and entered the ministry of the Estaldished Church. In 1882 the Church Missionary Society sent him out to reenforce the missionaries al- ready in Uganda, but his health gave way, and he was compelled to go back to England. Two years later he was consecrated Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa, and started a second time for Africa. After having conquered the many ob- stacles and perils which he encountered in his attempt to reach the interior, he was murdered by the command of Mwanga, King of Uganda, near Lake Victoria Nyanza. Consult Dawson, James ffanninijlon. Fir.it Bishop of Eastern Equatorial Africa (London, 1887). HAN'NO ( Phaniician, merciful) ((■.7.1.5-C.71.5 li.c). A King of Ciaza. He is called ilanunu in the inscriptions of the Assyrian King Tighitli- pileser 111.; and this name is identilie<l with that of the Cartluiginian family, who possibly were his descendants. He was situated between As- syria and Egjpt, and in 732 rebelled against Tig- iatli-Pileser, but lied without giving battle. Against Sargon II. he allied himself with Sabaco (biblical Sol, King of Egypt; was defeated with liim at Uaphia (720) and carried into caplivity. HANNO. A common name among the Cartha- ginians. The earliest of note who bore the name was a Carthaginian admiral who was sent on a voyage of discover}' and colonization along the west coast of Africa, which he explored as far as the modern Sierra Leone. The date of this expedition is not known, but is supposed to be about B.C. 570. He founded a number of towns, and on his return he deposited an accoimt of his voyage in the Temple of Moloch. This account was translated into Greek ; and the trans- lation, known as "Aivupof YlepiirAuv^, or Voyage of Hanno, is still extant. There is an old English translation by Falconer (London, 1797). Con- sult Mer, Mvinoirc siir le Periplc d'Hannon (Paris. 1888).— Hanno ( ?-b.c. 264). A Cartha- ginian admiral in the first Punic War. In com- mand of a Carthaginian fleet, near Messana, Han- no allowed the city to fall into the hands of the Romans. He was recalled and executed. — Hanno (third century B.C.). A Carthaginian general, successor in command to the above. He was the son of a Hannibal ; with Hiero II. besieged Mes- sana, but was defeated by the consul Appius Claudius. — Hanno (c.300-c.2.50 B.C.). A Car- thaginian general in the First Punic War. He was defeated near Agrigentum in 202. In 250, with Hamilcar, he was defeated in a naval battle off Ecnomus. — Hanno the Great (c.275-c.195 B.C.). A Carthaginian politician. At the outbreak of the revolt of the Carthaginian mercenaries he was put in command of the army, but was so badly defeated that Hamilcar Barca was sent out to share the command with him. The two agreed so ill that the home Government decided on a single command, but left the choice to the army in the field, which chose Hamilcar. Hanno tried to break down Hamilcar's power, after his death opposed intrusting Ihe chief command to Hanni- bal, urged the suirender of Saguntinn to Rome, and was head of the peace party. At the close of the Second Punic War he became leader of the party which was friendly to Rome. — Hanno (last half of third century B.C.). A Carthaginian lieu- tenant of Hannibal. He was in command of the left wing at the battle of Cannnr- ; conquered sev- eral towns in Lueania and Bruttium, and was beaten by TiberiiiS Gracchus (r.c. 214) near Beneventum. HANOI, hii'mi-e' (Chin. Uo-nci, within the river). One of the most important cities of An- nam, capital of the Province of Tongking, and the seat of the government of French Indo- China (Map: French Indo-China. E 2). It is picturesquely situated in a region of lakes and Irees, on the right bank of the Songkoi or 'Red River,' which rises in the Chinese Province of Yunnan, and enters the China Sea 110 miles be- low Hanoi. The native town lies between the citadel and the river. The streets are fairly wide