Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/565

* HAMMERHEAD BAT. 511 HAMMOND. longed, as shown in the illustration of its head on the Plate of Bats. Nothing is known of its liabits. HAMMERICH, ha'nier-iK, Maktin Joha.n-- NES (ISU-IU). A Danisli linguist and teacher, brother of Peter Frederik Adolf IJamnierieli, liis- torian and theologian. He studied theology, but early showed interest and marked ability in mythology and philology; received his degree in 1S36, was instructor of Sanskrit at Copenhagen from 1841 to 1844, and was head of a gymnasium at Christianshavn. His important works are: a translation of the i<akuntala of Kalidasa (last edition, 1870); Om Ragnaroksiiitilkcii (1830); Jiidrag HI en Skildring of Hiilbery (1858); Ewalds Levned (18(50): Daninark-Norgcs- Lit- ieratur i kort Overblik (1804) : Thorculdsen oy hans kuuxt (1870). HAMMERKOP. The Dutch name in South .frica for a liird, the umbrette (q.v. ), .. glicizod as 'hanuncrhead.' HAMMER OF HERETICS. A title applied to Saint Augustine; also to Pierre d"Arlly, presi- dent of the Council of Constance (1414-18). HAMMER OF THE SCOTCH, The. A popu- lar nauK' for Edward I. of England. It appears on his tombstone in Westminster Abbey. HAMMER-PURGSTALL, ham'mer poorg'- stal, Joseph. Baron (1774-1850). An Austrian historian and Orientalist, born at Gratz. He studied in the Oriental Academy of Vienna, took part in the pviblication of an Arabic-Persian- Turkish lexicon, and was appointed interpreter to the Internuncio at the Porte in 1709, continu- ing in the .Vustrian diplomatic service until 1817. when he was made Aulic Counselor. In 1847-40 he was president of the newly established Acad- emy of Sciences of Vienna, ileanwhile he wrote constantly on many subjects connected with the history and literature of the Orient. He trans- lated from the Arabic, Persian, and Turkish works ]jreviously luiknown in Europe. One of his most important contributions was the hit- feruturf/cschichtr dn- Arahcr (1850-50). and one of his best known, the Diwan des Hafiz (1812). He also wrote the Geschichte der Assassinen (1818), and Geschichte der osinanischen Dicht- kiiiifit ( 1 830-37 ). HAMMERSCHMIDT, ha'mer-shmit, An- OKEAS (1011-75). A Bohemian musician, born at Briix. In 1035 he became organist of Saint Peter's. Freiberg, and four years later accepted a like position at Zittau. He remained there for nearly forty years, and ^^—-jUpon his death a statue his -^_^^^_^_^_^ was erected to 'Tll^I^^^^as iiiemory. His comjjosi- tions were of great im- portance at their time, and include: Weltliche Oden (1650); Chor- miisik fiinfter Theil (1652) ; Kirehen- und Tafelm iisik ( sacred con- certos. 1002). HAMMER-SHELL. An Oriental bivalve mollusk. of the wing- shell family (Aviculidse) and genus Malleus, re- markable for the T-shape of its shells, which are RAMMER-8BELL. cxjianded along the hinge-margin. It is also called iiammcr-oystcr.' and the flesh is eaten. HAM'MERSMITH. A metro])olitan borough of Lunilon. _Iiddlesex. England, on the left bank uf the Thames. miles weslsoulbwest of Saint Paul's; formerly a sulnuban village with large nursery and market-gardening interests (Map: London, E 5). It lias numerous educational and benevolent institutions and is a populous Pdinan Catholic centre. It is traversed by several im- purfant railways. Population in ISOl. 07.283; in 1001, 112.245. HAMMOCK. The apparatus in which a sailor slings his bed derives its name through the Span- ish hamaea, from a Peruvian weird, the custom of thus suspending a bed having been derived from Peru, where the natives fasten the two ends of a piece of canvas, or of a netting of grass twist, to the branches of a tree. A sailor's ham- mock consists of a rectangular piece of henijx'n or cotton canvas, about six feet long and three in width, gathered together at each end by means of cords and a clew, and hung to hooks under tl^ deck. The hammock thus suspended forms a sort of bag capable of containing the sailor's mattress, his blankets, and himself, as soon as he has acquired the far from easy knack of climbing into it. The hammocks are taken below at sunset and hung in rows about two feet apart, in the men's portion of the ship. When done with in the morning the bedding is carefully tied up within each, and the whole stowed in the huiiDnock-nei- tiiig, which is no longer a netting, but is a locker or box-shaped receptacle, and is generally in the bulwarks of the waist. HAM'MOND. A city in Lake County. Ind., 21 miles south by east of Chicago, III.; on the Crand Calumet River, and on the Erie, the Michi- gan Central, the Baltimore and Ohio, the Wabash, and several other railroads (Jlap: Indiana. B 1). With its exceptional railroad facilities, the city is of considerable importance as :i commercial and manufacturing centre. The industries in- clude ext«isive steel-spring and chemical works, nail-mills, a slaughtering and meat-packing plant, ilour-mills, carriage-works, a distillery, starch- works, a glue-factory, brick-yards, etc. Settled in 1809, Hammond was incorporated in 1883, the charter of that date being still in operation. The government is vested in a mayor, chosen every four years, and a city council, which elects administrative officials. The water-works are owned and operated by the municipality. Popula- linn, in 1800. .5428; in 1000. 12.370. HAMMOND, Antho.w (1068-1738). An English pamphleteer and poet. He was born in Huntingdonshire, for which he w'as elected a member of Parliament in 1605. .s a fluent and well informed speaker on financial questions, he soon gained a considerable reputation, but his lack of tact stood in his way. He was twice chosen as member for Cambridge I^niversity. and in 1701 was appointed a commissioner for stating the public accounts. The following year he was made a commissioner of the Navy, under Godol- pliin's Administration. After another term as nicniber of Parliament he went in 1711 to Spain as |iaymaster of the British forces there, but soon retired and devoted himself to literary pursuits. In 1720 he edited a Nrir Miscrllnitt/ af Oririhial Prjcnifs, Tr(u)xhiium.i and Imitations. ;iiid he also