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* HAMILTON. 503 HAMILTON. and bas-reliefs found by him form the most inter- estin" portion of the Museo rio-Clomontino in the Vatican, after the treasures of the lielvedere. Many collections in England, Germany, and Ivus- sia are deeply indebted to his labors. To one of the best of these — the Townlcy Gallery — Ham- ilton contributed a large number of valuable marbles. In 1773 he published at Rome Hchola Italica picturce. illustrated after his own draw- ings of the great Italian masters. HAMILTON, Lord George Francis ( 1845 — ). lie was born in Brighton, England, and is the third son of the first Duke of Aliercorn. He was educated at Harrow, entered the Rifle Brigade as ensign in 1804, and in 1808 was transferred to the Coldstream Guards, with a lieutenant's com- mission. In 1808 he entered Parliament as a Con- servative from the county of Middlesex, and con- tinued to serve from 1874 to 1880. From 1874 to 1S78 he was Under-Secretary of State for India. With the return to power of the Conservative Party in 1885 he became First Lord of the Ad- miriilty. an office which he occupied until 1892. During Lord Salisbury's third Administration he was Secretary of State for India. His naval reconstruction scheme of 18811 was the most ex- tensive one ever adopted. Great credit is due him for ability and judgment displayed in dealing with the troubles in India. He w^as appointed provisional Grand blaster of Middlesex County in 1892, served as chairman of the London School Board for the vear of 1894.. and was appointed Captain of Deal Castle in 1899. HAMILTON, James (c.1710-83). A Colonial Governor of Pennsylvania, son of Andrew Hamil- ton (q.v.), the lawyer, and born probably in Accomac County, Va. He was prothonotary of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania after his father's resignation, was six times a member of the Provincial Assembly, was elected Mayor of Philadelphia (1745), and a member of the Pro- vincial Council (1740). Two years later he be- came Lieutenant-Governor, which office he re- signed in 1754. He was prominent in the defense of the Colonies against the Indians in 1755, and was Deputy Governor (1759-03, 1771, and 1773). While the British held Philadelphia he was a p^risoner on parole. He was prominent in educa- tional and scientific circles after the war, acting as president of the Board of Trustees of Phil.a- delphia College and head of the Philosophical Society. HAMILTON, James (1709-1829). A British teacher of languages. Hamilton went to school for four years only, to two .Jesuits in Dublin. As a Imsiness man he lived in France and Hamburg, whei'c he learned German from an emigre, D'Angeli, who used no grammar, but taught by literal translation. On the rupture of the Peace of Amiens, Hamilton was 'detained' in France, nnd his Continental business was ruined. In 1S15 he came to New Yorl:. intending to manu- facture potash. Instead, he became a teacher of languages, combining the methods of his Jesuit teachers and of D'Angeli. This analytic method met with almost incredible success in New York City and in Philadelphia, where he published English interlinear translations of works in Greek, Latin, French. Italian, and German. Opposition to his methods in Baltimore College roused him to a defense which resulted in the total desertion bv the students of the college to the Hamiltonian Institute. After teaching in many college towns of the United Slates and in Canada, lie went to London ( 1823). Throughout England and Scotland he was again marvelously successful. Hamilton's great work was History, Principles, Practice, and Ucsults of the llainiUonian System (lasted. 1831). HAMILTON, James (178G-1857). An Ameri- ciin politician, born in Charleston, S. C. He re- ceived a good education in his n.ative city, studied law, and soon attained a high position at the South Carolina bar. In 1812 he was appointed a captain in the army, and served in the cam- paigns on the Canadian frontier. He was Mayor of Charleston for several terms, and in 1822 while serving in that capacity lie detected, and liy his measures suppressed, a well-planned negro conspiracy. After serving in the State Legisla- ture, he was in 1822 elected a member of Con- gress as a States Rights Democrat, to fill a vacancy, and was twice reelected, serving until 1829. He was an ardent sujiporter of Andrew Jackson, both in 1824 and 1828, and after Jack- son's election in the latter year he was otlered the position of Secretary of War or of Jlinister to Mexico, both of which he declined. Returning to South Carolina, he was in 1830 elected (ioveriior of the State on an extreme States Rights plat- form, and immediately recommended to the Legis- lature that it authorize armed resistance to the enforcement of the provisions of the tari(T of 1828. He advised the passage of the Nullifica- tion Act, which brought affairs to a crisis, and in 1832 was appointed by Gov. Robert Y. Hayne, who in that year succeeded him in the Governorship, to the chief command of the State troops recruited to resist the National Govern- ment. He never acquiesced in the settlement of the trouble, and soon thereafter removed to Texas, where he became interested in some colo- nization schemes. In 1841 he was the accredited representative of Texas in Europe, and it was due to his efforts that the independence of the repub- lic was recognized by England and France in that year. He next bent all his energies to securing "the admission of Texas into the t^nion. In 1857 he was elected United States Senator from Texas, Imt was drowned in a steamship collision oflT the Te.xas coast before he took his seat. HAMILTON, James (1814-67). A Presby- terian divine. He was born in Paisley. Scot- land, November 27, 1814; educated at Glasgow and Edinburgh; entered the ministry, and from 1841 till his death.. November 24," 1807, was minister of the National Scotch Church, Regent S(]uare, London. His literarv activit.v was very great, as aside from editorial labor he produced numerous volumes, and eontributed the ;irticles upon botany in Fairbairn's Imperial liihle Die- tintiarii (London. 1807). His Collected M'orhs were published in six volumes (London, 1809-73). HAMILTON, .Tames Cr.Er,.ND ( 18.30- ). A Canadian barrister and author. He was born at Belfast. Ireland, but was educated in America, and graduated at Toronto University. He pub- lished some travel sketches; but his more im- portant work is contained in the papers upon literarv and scientific subjects written for the Canadian Institute, of which he was elected vice- president, and printed in its Proceed in (in — such as The Great Centre, an Astronomical Stiidii; and The Pants, an Historical Outline of Ca-