Page:The New International Encyclopædia 1st ed. v. 09.djvu/541

* HALOPHYTE. 489 HALS. with a low salt content. This is not true, how- ever, in the case of such extreme halophytes as the marine alga;. Effects of Salt on the Growth and Struc- ture. Almost all plants can take up limited quantities of ordinary salt without injury, al- though most plants probably do not need it in their normal life processes. All but natural lialo- phytes and a few xerophytes soon perish if large quantities of salt are present in the soil. Prob- ably the injurious ell'ects of salt are due to the increased difficulty of osmotic absorption by the root, and to the inhibiting action of salt on the plant's normal life processes. Structures and con- ditions that have been experimentally shown to result from growth in salt solutions are reduction in leaf surface, increase of leaf thickness (due to richer development of palisades and water- storage cells), reduction of intercellular spaces. All of these are well-known xerophji;ie characters, so that halophytes. with the exception of sub- merged marine plants, are now regarded as a class of xerophytes whether the soil in which they grow be dry or wet. The structures noted, as well as others, doubtless serve to reduce trans- piration, and it may be .supposed that this is an advantage, because of the lessened osmotic ab- sorption. See Xerophytes. m^ irXLOPHYTES. Cross-section of leaf of Sonneratia acida: 1, in ordinary soil condition: 2, when ^rown in salty soil, showing the great thicliening of the cuticle in the latter. Halophytes belong to a great number of fami- lies, some of which, as the Chenopodiaceae, Frank- eniaceee, Plumbaginaeea". are particularly rich in halophytic members. One of the most interesting features of halophytes is the wide distribution of their species. It is easy to see how coastal forms should be similar over wide areas, but why the same forms should also occur in many continental interiors is not so apparent. Perhaps the former interior seas had marine connections; in this case the interior halophytes form the best-known group of relict plants (q.v.). It must be re- membered, however, that migrations are easier than has been generally supposed, and that given a congenial habitat in a congenial climate, a species or genus characteristic of such places is pretty likely to appear sooner or later. The va- rious halophytic formations and societies are treated under Beach Plants : Benthos : Desert Vegetation; Dune Vegetation; Mangro'E Swamp; Plankton; and Swamp. HAL'PINE, or HALPIN, C-harles Graham (1829-08). An American soldier and poet, born in Oldcastle. County Meath, Ireland, and edu- cated at Trinity College, Dublin. After a short journalistic experience in Dublin, he came to America in 18.51. For a few months he was the associate editor of tile Boston Post ,• served as the Washington correspondent of the New York Times, and .after .short connections with various metropolitan papers, was associate editor of the Xew York Times until 1857, when he became edi- tor-in-chief of the New York LvaiUr. At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted in the Sixty-ninth Regiment, New York Volunteers. He served as assistant adjutant-general on (jeneral Hunter's stall' and under (lienoral Halleck, ac- coiu]iani<'d the former un his Shenandoah exi)edi- tion in 1804, resigned from the service soon after- wards on account of failing licuUh, and was brevet ted a brigadier-general of vohmteers. His experiences and observations as a soldier found humorous expression in the popular poems and stories written over the pen-name of JMiles O'Reilly. He became editor of the New York Citizen in 1864, and strongly advocated civil- service reform; was elected register of New York County in 18G7, and died in the following year from his continued literary exertions. His best- known writings, apart from fugitive poems, are; Lyrics by the Letter H (185-i) ; Life and Ad- ventures, Songs, Serviees, and Speeches of Private Miles O'Reilly (1864) : and Baked Meats of the Funeral : A Collection of Essays, Poems, Speeches and Banquets of Private Miles O'Reilly (1866). His complete Poetical Works appeared in 1809. HALS, hals, Frans (c.1584-1600). A Dutch portrait and genre painter, the greatest, next to Rembrandt. He was born at Antwerp, not at Mechlin, as is often stated, probably in 1.584. He went to Haarlem before 1000, and studied there •under Karel van JIander (q.v,). He led a care- less .and jovial life, but was held in high esteem b}' his fellow townsmen. Like his brother. Dirk, he was an honorary member of the chamber of rhetoric: he belonged to the civic guard, and was head of the painters' guild, and of an important school of painting. He was twice married. He was usually in debt; and in 1004 the municipality of Haarlem allowed him a yearly pension of two hundred florins, which he enjoyed until his deatli on September 7, 1606. The artistic development of Hals may best be studied in his large doelenstukken (portrait groups of the city guard) in the JIuseum of Haarlem. The earliest of these, the "Banquet of tlie Officers of Arquebusiers of Saint George" (161G), is in his first manner. There are traces of the old Haarlem School, in particular of Van Mander, but Hals is already an independent master. His grouping is freer than that of the old school ; his color, though still brown in tone, is more luminous, and applied in a broader man- ner; and his characterization far superior. His second manner (1627-.39) is represented by three doelenstukken in the Haarlem Gallery: the "Banquet of Officers of the Arquebusiers of Saint George and Saint Andrew" (1627) ; "Offi- cers of Saint Andrew" (163.3), the most serious and finest of the groups;" and the "Officers and Sergeants of Saint George" (1639), nineteen figures, among which is that of the aj-tist him- self. To these may be added a similar piece, the .so-called "Shooting Gallery" (1037), in the city hall of Amsterdam. Diiring this period his pic- tures are characterized by a light gray tone, greater breadth of execution, and greater serious- ness of character. Another portrait group of the Haarlem ^luseum, the "Governors of the Fliza- beth Hospital" (1041). in the pecailiar treat- ment of light and in its rich golden hue. shows the influence of Rembrandt — an influence, how- ever, which was only temporary and experimental. Before 163.5 his color began to grow deeper, and